Echoes in the Canyons : The Archaeology of the Southeastern Sierra Ancha, Central Arizona
by Lange, Richard C.; Ciolek-Torrello, Richard (CON); Huckell, Lisa W. (CON); Teague, Lynn S. (CON); Virden-Lange, Christine H. (CON)Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2007-07-30
Publisher(s): Univ of Arizona Pr
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Summary
The Sierra Ancha is a rugged mountain range in east-central Arizona. Emil Haury first documented the cliff dwellings there more than 70 years ago, and wood from the cliff dwellings was important in demonstrating the utility of tree-ring dating in areas other than the Colorado Plateau. Most of the cliff dwellings were occupied from ca. AD 1280 to 1330, and the majority of prehistoric settlement in the southeastern Sierra Ancha also dates to this period. This volume describes the Sierra Ancha Project, begun in 1981, which focuses on the southeastern Sierra Ancha and documents more than 20 cliff dwellings. It discusses the environmental setting and factors for locating the cliff dwellings where they are. It summarizes architectural features and presents detailed maps of the cliff dwellings. A new rock-art style present in the caverns is described for the first time. Finally, the settlements in the southeastern Sierra Ancha are discussed within the context of this dynamic region lying between the Tonto Basin, Mogollon Rim, and Grasshopper regions.
Table of Contents
| Contents | p. iii |
| List of Figures | p. vi |
| List of Tables | p. xi |
| Preface and Acknowledgments | p. xiv |
| Previous Work and Project History | p. 1 |
| Archaeological Work in the Southeastern Sierra Ancha and Vicinity | p. 2 |
| Earliest Visitors and Descriptions | p. 2 |
| Gila Pueblo and Emil W. Haury | p. 4 |
| Byron Cummings | p. 6 |
| Arizona State University Field Schools | p. 7 |
| Helga Teiwes and the US Forest Service | p. 7 |
| Haury's Second Trip | p. 7 |
| Wesley Wells | p. 7 |
| The Cholla Project | p. 7 |
| Beginnings of the Sierra Ancha Project | p. 8 |
| Beam Replacement (V:1:136), 1983 | p. 8 |
| Statistical Research, Inc., October 1991 | p. 9 |
| Earthwatch 1995 and 1996 | p. 9 |
| 1996 to Present | p. 10 |
| Project Activities | p. 11 |
| Hiking | p. 11 |
| Site Recording | p. 12 |
| Surveying | p. 13 |
| Mapping | p. 13 |
| Photography | p. 15 |
| Wood Studies | p. 15 |
| Architectural Documentation | p. 16 |
| General Documentation | p. 17 |
| Roofing Study | p. 18 |
| Collections | p. 18 |
| Temperature Studies | p. 19 |
| Physiography | p. 21 |
| Geology and Elevation | p. 21 |
| Water Resources | p. 23 |
| Drainages | p. 23 |
| Stream Flow | p. 27 |
| Precipitation | p. 29 |
| Seeps and Springs | p. 29 |
| Climate | p. 29 |
| Temperature | p. 29 |
| Growing Season | p. 30 |
| Climatic History | p. 30 |
| Natural Resources | p. 34 |
| Caves and Shelters | p. 34 |
| Stone - Construction Materials | p. 35 |
| Stone - Materials for Tools | p. 35 |
| Clay | p. 35 |
| Stone - Exotic Materials | p. 36 |
| Plants | p. 36 |
| Animals | p. 37 |
| Summary | p. 37 |
| Ceramics | p. 39 |
| The Sierra Ancha Collections | p. 40 |
| Comparisons and Discussions for the SAP Collections | p. 41 |
| Gila Pueblo Collections and Granite Basin Pueblo | p. 41 |
| Upper and Lower Tonto Ruins | p. 41 |
| Tonto Basin | p. 44 |
| Grasshopper Area | p. 45 |
| Roosevelt Red Ware, Cibola White Ware, and White Mountain Red Ware | p. 45 |
| Roosevelt Red Ware (Salado Polychromes) | p. 46 |
| Cibola White Ware | p. 48 |
| White Mountain Red Ware | p. 50 |
| Salado Red Corrugated | p. 51 |
| Summary | p. 53 |
| Trees, Tree-Rings, and Chronology | p. 55 |
| Wood Use | p. 55 |
| Chronology | p. 66 |
| GP C:1:38 | p. 67 |
| V:1:130, GP C:1:16E/N | p. 67 |
| V:1:131, GP C:1:16C/M | p. 67 |
| V:1:132, GP C:1:16W/S | p. 72 |
| V:1:133, GP C:1:21 | p. 72 |
| V:1:134, GP C:1:23 | p. 72 |
| V:1:135, GP C:1:40 | p. 72 |
| V:1:136, GP C:1:36 | p. 72 |
| V:1:162, GP C:1:8 | p. 72 |
| V:1:163, GP C:1:14 | p. 73 |
| V:1:164, GP C:1:25 | p. 73 |
| V:1:165, GP C:1:30 | p. 73 |
| V:1:167, GP C:1:44 | p. 73 |
| V:1:168, GP C:1:45 | p. 74 |
| V:1:174: GP C:1:46 | p. 74 |
| Other Sites | p. 74 |
| Summary | p. 74 |
| Architecture of the Sierra Ancha Cliff Dwellings | p. 75 |
| Construction Materials | p. 75 |
| Stone | p. 75 |
| Mortar and Plaster | p. 78 |
| Water | p. 80 |
| Wood and Other Plant Materials | p. 82 |
| Wall Construction | p. 82 |
| Wall Types | p. 84 |
| Wall Cross-sections | p. 86 |
| Wall Features | p. 86 |
| Other Architectural Features | p. 100 |
| Hatches | p. 100 |
| Ladders | p. 102 |
| Site Configuration | p. 102 |
| Room Construction | p. 102 |
| Special Rooms | p. 104 |
| Granaries | p. 108 |
| Roofing Systems | p. 109 |
| Roof Components | p. 110 |
| Theoretical Roofing Systems | p. 113 |
| Structural Analyses of the Theoretical Roofing Systems | p. 113 |
| Comparing Actual Examples and the Model Roofing Systems | p. 119 |
| Roofing Systems Summary | p. 123 |
| Building A Cliff Dwelling | p. 123 |
| Solar and Temperature Considerations | p. 124 |
| Building the Cliff Dwelling | p. 130 |
| Site Descriptions | p. 135 |
| The SAP Sites | p. 136 |
| Artifact Scatters | p. 138 |
| Isolated Walls and Checkdams | p. 138 |
| Surface Pueblos and Compounds | p. 138 |
| Cliff Dwellings | p. 157 |
| Other Sites | p. 184 |
| Other Material Culture and Other Materials | p. 187 |
| Flaked Stone | p. 187 |
| Ground Stone | p. 187 |
| Pot Plugs | p. 189 |
| Steatite | p. 193 |
| Shell | p. 193 |
| Human Bone | p. 195 |
| Macrobotanical Remains | p. 196 |
| Textiles | p. 199 |
| Rock Art and Wall Painting in the Southeastern Sierra Ancha | p. 201 |
| Introduction | p. 201 |
| Background History | p. 201 |
| Rock Art Technology and Terminology | p. 202 |
| Petroglyphs | p. 202 |
| Pictographs | p. 203 |
| Terminology | p. 203 |
| Dating Techniques | p. 204 |
| Rock Art and Wall Painting of the Southeastern Sierra Ancha | p. 205 |
| Recording and Analysis | p. 206 |
| Distribution of Rock Art by Site | p. 209 |
| Wall Painting | p. 232 |
| Graffiti and Historic Inscriptions | p. 234 |
| Discussion | p. 235 |
| Conclusion | p. 236 |
| Regional Culture History and the Southeastern Sierra Ancha | p. 239 |
| Silver Creek | p. 241 |
| Grasshopper | p. 245 |
| Upper Cherry Creek: Pleasant Valley, Vosberg, Q Ranch, and Rock House Areas | p. 250 |
| Archaic Period (up to ca AD 400) | p. 250 |
| Early Ceramic Horizon (AD 400-700) | p. 250 |
| Pit House Period | p. 251 |
| Sedentary Period (AD 1000-1150) | p. 252 |
| Early Classic Period (AD 1150-1300) | p. 252 |
| Late Classic Period (AD 1300-1400) | p. 253 |
| Payson-Star Valley | p. 254 |
| Tonto Basin | p. 254 |
| Paleo-Indian and Archaic Periods (10,000BC to AD 100) | p. 255 |
| Early Ceramic Horizon (AD 100-600) | p. 256 |
| Preclassic Period (AD 600-1150) | p. 256 |
| Early Classic Period (AD 1150-1350) | p. 261 |
| Late Classic Period (AD 1350-1450) | p. 264 |
| Globe-Miami | p. 267 |
| Lower Cherry Creek | p. 267 |
| Middle Cherry-Creek and the Southeastern Sierra Ancha | p. 268 |
| Paleoindian, Archaic, and Early Ceramic Periods | p. 268 |
| Preclassic Period: Colonial and Sedentary or Pueblo I through Pueblo III | p. 269 |
| Early Classic Period: Roosevelt Phase or Late Pueblo III | p. 269 |
| Late Classic Period: Gila Phase or Pueblo IV 9AD 1350-1450) | p. 272 |
| Conclusion | p. 276 |
| Work Plans: Proposed and Actual (1981, 1995, 1996) | p. 281 |
| Site Data and Site Number Concordances | p. 287 |
| Site Maps from SAP Sites and Other Sites in the Vicinity of the Southeastern Sierra Ancha | p. 293 |
| Inventory and Assessment of Research Potential for Plant Remains from Cliff Dwellings in the Sierra Ancha, Arizona | p. 317 |
| Introduction | p. 317 |
| Methods | p. 317 |
| Results | p. 317 |
| Taxa Recovered | p. 317 |
| Summary | p. 325 |
| Textiles from AZ V:1:131 (ASM), AZ V:1:134 (ASM) and AZ V:1:136 (ASM) | p. 327 |
| Fiber | p. 327 |
| Cordage | p. 327 |
| Fabric | p. 327 |
| Conclusions | p. 333 |
| References Cited | p. 335 |
| Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved. |
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