At the heart of this volume are three trials held in Athens in the fourth century BCE. The defendants were all women and in each case the charges involved a combination of ritual activities. Two were condemned to death. Because of the brevity of the ancient sources, and their lack of agreement, the precise charges are unclear, and the reasons for taking these women to court remain mysterious.

Envy, Poison, and Death takes the complexity and confusion of the evidence not as a a riddle to be solved, but as revealing multiple social dynamics. It explores the changing factorsmaterial, ideological, and psychologicalthat may have provoked these events. It focuses in particular on the dual role of envy (phthonos) and gossip as processes by which communities identified people and activities that were dangerous, and examines how and why those local, even individual, dynamics may have come to shape official civic decisions during a time of perceived hardship.

At first sight so puzzling, these trials reveal a vivid picture of the socio-political environment of Athens during the early-mid fourth century BCE, including responses to changes in women's status and behaviour, and attitudes to ritual activities within the city. The volume reveals some of the characters, events, and even emotions that would help to shape an emergent concept of magic: it suggests that the boundary of acceptable behaviour was shifting, not only within the legal arena but also through the active involvement of society beyond the courts.

Esther Eidinow, Professor in Ancient History, University of Bristol

Esther Eidinow is Professor and Chair in Ancient History at the University of Bristol

Acknowledgements
List of Figures
List of Abbreviations
Part 1: The Women
1.1. Introduction: Overview and Approach
1.2. The Evidence
1.3. What Charges?
1.4. Conclusion
Part 2: Envy
2.1. Introduction: 'As Rust Eats Iron'
2.2. Defining Emotions
2.3. Narratives as Phthonos
2.4. Phthonos and Misfortune
2.5. Conclusion
Part 3: Poison
3.1. Introduction: 'A Relish for the Envious'
3.2. Identifying Gossip
3.3. Genres of Gossip
3.4. From Gossip to Action
3.5. Conclusion
Part 4: Death
4.1. Introduction: 'Killed by Idle Gossip'
4.2. After the War...
4.3. Dependence and Vulnerability
4.4. 'Dangerous Women'
4.5. Conclusion
Conclusion
Bibliography
Index