European Fundamental Rights And Freedoms

by Ehlers, Dirk

ISBN13: 9783899494464

ISBN10: 3899494466

Format: Paperback

Pub. Date: 2007-09-30

Publisher(s): De Gruyter

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Summary

The ever increasing relevance of European law which involves replacement or supplementation of and interaction with national law not only affects the states in Europe but also, and foremost, the citizens. The rights of the citizens in Europe are protected by the European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms. The aim of this textbook is to grasp and illustrate the meaning of these rights and to integrate it into a coherent system. For this purpose the book not only deals with the pertinent law of the European Union and the European Community, but also with the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms which, too, is becoming more and more important.

Table of Contributors and Outline Table of Contents	p. VII
Contents	p. IX
Table of Abbreviations	p. XXI
The Notion of European Fundamental Rights and Freedoms
History and Development of European Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms	p. 1
International and European Human Rights Protection	p. 1
History and Development of Human Rights Protection in the Context of the Council of Europe and the European Convention on HumanRights	p. 2
The Development of Human Rights Protection through the ECHR	p. 3
Human Rights Protection in the Council of Europe in General	p. 9
History and Development of Human Rights Protection within the EC/EU	p. 11
Early Jurisprudence	p. 11
Development and Legal Foundation of Human Rights of the EC/EU	p. 11
The Debate Concerning Accession to the ECHR	p. 14
Demands for a Catalogue of Human Rights of the EU and the European Charter of Fundamental Rights	p. 15
The Scope of Application of Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 16
The Fundamental Freedoms of European Community Law	p. 17
Recognition of fundamental rights as subjective rights	p. 18
Interpretation of the Fundamental Freedoms as prohibitions of discrimination and prohibitions of limitations	p. 19
Complementing the free movement of persons with rights derived from the Union citizenship	p. 21
Horizontal Effect ("Drittwirkung") and Positive Obligations: Using Structural Human Rights Arguments for the Interpretation of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 21
Consequences of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe	p. 23
Summary: Protection of Fundamental Rights and Fundamental Freedoms in a Multi-Layered Europe	p. 23
The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms
General Principles	p. 25
The Position and Status of the Convention within the Structure of International and National Law	p. 25
Functions of the Convention Rights	p. 32
Guarantee of the Status Negativus (Defensive or Liberty Rights)	p. 33
Guarantee of Equal Treatment and Equality before the Law	p. 33
Guarantee of the Status Positivus (Rights to Governmental Action / Positive Obligations)	p. 34
Guarantee of the Status Activus (Civic Rights)	p. 36
Guarantee of the Status Activus Processualis (Procedural Rights)	p. 36
The Objective Dimension of the Convention Rights	p. 37
Interpretation of the Convention	p. 38
Beneficiaries of the Convention Rights	p. 39
Entities Bound by the Convention Rights	p. 41
Convention States of the Council of Europe	p. 41
International and Supranational Organisations	p. 43
Private Persons	p. 45
Territorial scope	p. 46
Temporal scope	p. 46
Guarantees and Limitations of the Convention Rights	p. 48
Stages of Scrutiny	p. 48
Applicability of the Convention	p. 48
Scope of Protection of the Convention Rights	p. 49
Interference with a Right or Freedom	p. 49
Justification of the Interference or Limitation	p. 51
Schematic Summary	p. 54
Judicial protection	p. 54
Judicial Protection by the ECtHR	p. 54
Judicial Protection by National Courts	p. 64
Personal Rights and the Prohibition of Discrimination	p. 67
Protection of Privacy	p. 67
Private and Family Life, Home and Correspondence (Article 8 ECHR)	p. 68
Freedom of Thought, Conscience and Religion (Article 9 ECHR)	p. 78
Right to Personal Integrity	p. 81
Prohibition of Torture, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (Article 3 ECHR)	p. 81
Right to Life (Article 2 ECHR)	p. 86
Prohibition of Discrimination	p. 92
The Complementary Prohibition of Discrimination (Article 14 ECHR)	p. 92
Special Aspects of Equality	p. 95
Freedom of Expression, Freedom of Assembly and Association	p. 97
Freedom of Communication within the European Human Rights System	p. 97
Freedom of Opinion and Freedom of Information	p. 98
Scope of Protection	p. 98
Interference	p. 105
Justification	p. 107
Freedom of Assembly	p. 118
Scope of Protection	p. 118
Interference	p. 119
Justification	p. 120
Freedom of Association	p. 121
Scope of Protection	p. 122
Interference	p. 122
Justification	p. 123
Freedom to Form and Join Trade Unions	p. 124
Scope of Protection	p. 125
Interference	p. 127
Justification	p. 127
Conclusions	p. 128
Economic Fundamental Rights	p. 130
Introduction	p. 130
Protection of Property	p. 131
Scope of Protection of the Guarantee of Property	p. 132
Drawbacks of the Property Right	p. 136
Justification of Ownership Restrictions	p. 140
Ownership Law and other Guarantees of the ECHR	p. 147
Other Guarantees under Economic Law	p. 148
Influence of the European Social Charter	p. 149
Fundamental Judicial and Procedural Rights	p. 151
The Protection of Liberty (Article 5 ECHR)	p. 151
The Right to Liberty and Security	p. 152
Types of Interference	p. 153
Rights Guaranteed to Individuals Deprived of their Liberty	p. 157
Fundamental Judicial Rights in Connection with Proceedings before Courts	p. 160
The Right to a Fair Trial pursuant to Article 6(1) of the ECHR	p. 160
Nulla poena sine lege (Article 7 of the ECHR)	p. 169
The Prohibition of Double Jeopardy	p. 171
Right of Appeal in Criminal Matters	p. 172
The Right to Compensation for Wrongful Conviction (Article 3 of the 7th Prot ECHR)	p. 173
Procedural Safeguards Relating to Expulsion of Aliens	p. 173
The Right to an Effective Remedy	p. 173
The Fundamental Freedoms of the European Communities
General Principles	p. 175
The Nature and Position of the Fundamental Freedoms within the Structure of European Community Law	p. 175
The Significance of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 175
The Different Fundamental Freedoms	p. 176
Direct Internalisation and Direct Effect of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 178
The Fundamental Freedoms as Subjective Rights	p. 179
Supremacy of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 179
Delineation from Other Rights Guaranteed by Primary Community Law	p. 180
Dogmatics of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 182
Functions of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 183
The Fundamental Freedoms as Equality Rights	p. 183
The Fundamental Freedoms as Liberty Rights	p. 186
The Fundamental Freedoms as Rights to Governmental Action	p. 190
The Fundamental Freedoms as Procedural Rights	p. 192
The Objective Dimension of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 193
Beneficiaries of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 193
Nationals of the Member States	p. 194
Legal Persons and Groups of Individuals within the Community	p. 194
Non-EU Citizens and Legal Persons / Groups of Individuals Outside the Community	p. 196
Entities Bound by the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 196
Member States of the European Communities	p. 197
European Communities	p. 197
Private Individuals	p. 198
Territorial Scope of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 200
Temporal Scope of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 201
Scope of Protection, Interferences, Justification	p. 201
Scope of Protection of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 202
Interference with the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 207
Justification of Interferences with the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 213
Schematic Summary	p. 223
Judicial Protection	p. 224
Avenues of Judicial Protection for the Individual	p. 224
Protection of the Fundamental Freedoms through Proceedings Instituted by the Commission or by the Member States	p. 225
Free Movement of Goods	p. 226
Scope of Protection	p. 227
Interference	p. 229
Addressees (Obligors)	p. 229
Import Restrictions and Measures Having Equivalent Effect (Article 28 TEC/Article III-153 DC)	p. 232
Quantitative Restrictions on Exports and Measures Having Equivalent Effect	p. 239
Justification	p. 240
Transversal Aspects	p. 240
Written Grounds of Justification	p. 247
Unwritten Grounds of Justification	p. 249
Proportionality	p. 249
Freedom of Movement for Workers	p. 255
Scope of Protection	p. 256
Preliminary Remarks	p. 256
Subject Matter of Protection	p. 257
Personal Scope of Protection	p. 267
Concurrences	p. 270
Interference	p. 270
Discrimination	p. 271
Limitations	p. 273
Addressees	p. 275
Justification	p. 276
Written Restrictions	p. 276
Unwritten Restrictions	p. 277
General Limits to Restrictability	p. 278
Freedom of Establishment	p. 281
Introduction	p. 281
The Basic Structure and Problems of the Freedom of Establishment within the System of the Fundamental Freedoms	p. 281
The Interplay between the Freedom of Establishment under Community Law and Public International Law	p. 284
Scope of Protection	p. 286
Territorial Scope of Protection	p. 286
Personal Scope of Protection	p. 286
Subject Matter of Protection	p. 287
Exceptions to the applicability	p. 296
Interference	p. 298
Discrimination	p. 299
Restrictions	p. 300
Justification	p. 302
The Application of the Freedom of Establishment to Legal Persons According to Article 48 of the TEC (Article III-142 DC)	p. 304
The Free Movement of Services	p. 309
Introduction	p. 309
The General Relevance of the Principle of the Freedom to Provide Services	p. 309
The Structure of the Freedom to Provide Services in the Community Law	p. 310
The Free Movement of Services beyond the Treaty	p. 311
Liberalisation of the Freedom to Provide Services and Secondary Legislation	p. 312
The New Strategy for the Internal Market	p. 313
The Scope of Protection	p. 314
The Territorial Scope of Protection	p. 314
The Personal Scope of Protection	p. 314
The Subject Matter of Protection	p. 315
Interference	p. 320
Obligors	p. 321
Discriminatory Rules	p. 322
Interferences with the Freedom to Provide Services	p. 324
Justification	p. 326
The Explicit Written Restrictions	p. 326
Unwritten Restrictions	p. 327
General Limits to the Restrictability of Rights and Freedoms	p. 328
Freedom of Movement of Capital and Payments	p. 331
Scope of Protection	p. 331
Movement of Capital	p. 331
Relationship to the Other Fundamental Freedoms	p. 332
Crossing Borders	p. 334
Payments	p. 335
Prohibition on Restrictions	p. 336
Justification of Restrictions within the Community: The Subjects Protected by Article 58 of the TEC (Article III-158 DC) and the Mandatory Requirements	p. 338
Regulatory Fields	p. 340
Tax Law: Capital Gains Tax	p. 340
Company Law	p. 346
Foreign Trade and Payments Legislation: Reporting Requirements	p. 348
Monetary Law	p. 350
The Law of Real Estate Transactions	p. 351
Security Interests	p. 355
Additional Restrictions With Regard to Third Countries	p. 357
Restrictions Pursuant to Article 57 of the TEC (Article III-157 DC): No Justification Needed	p. 358
Restrictions Pursuant to Article 59 of the TEC (Article III-159 DC): Temporary Measures Only	p. 359
Restrictions Pursuant to Article 60 of the TEC: Economic Sanctions	p. 360
Broader Interpretation of Article 58 of the TEC (Article III-158 DC) and of the Mandatory Requirements	p. 360
Conclusion	p. 361
Prohibition of Discrimination Due to Nationality	p. 362
Sources of Law and Systematic Classification	p. 362
Structure of Review	p. 363
Scope of Protection	p. 363
Interference	p. 367
The Fundamental Rights of the European Union
General Principles	p. 371
The Character and Position of the Fundamental Rights of the European Union within the Structure of International and National Law	p. 371
The Notion of Fundamental Rights	p. 371
The Necessity of Guaranteeing Fundamental Rights on the EU Level	p. 372
The Legal Foundation of the Fundamental Rights on the Union	p. 373
The Relation between the Fundamental Rights of the Union and other Fundamental Guarantees	p. 375
Charter of Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 379
Functions of the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 382
Guarantee of Liberty Rights	p. 382
Guarantee of Equality Rights	p. 382
Guarantee of Rights to Governmental Action / Positive Obligations	p. 383
Guarantee of the Citizens' Rights	p. 383
Guarantee of Procedural Rights	p. 384
The Objective Dimension of the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 384
Beneficiaries of the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 385
Natural Persons	p. 385
Entities with Legal Personality and Groups of Individuals	p. 385
Entities Bound by the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 386
European Union and European Communities	p. 386
Member States of the European Union	p. 387
Private Persons	p. 388
Territorial and Temporal Scope of the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 389
Guarantees of / Interferences with the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 390
Scope of Protection of the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 390
Interferences with the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 391
Justification of Interferences with the Fundamental Rights of the Union	p. 391
Schematic Summary	p. 395
Judicial Protection	p. 396
Judicial Protection of the Individual	p. 396
Judicial Protection of the Institutions of the EC and the Member States	p. 397
Other Forms of Protection of Fundamental Rights in the EU	p. 397
Human Dignity, Fundamental Rights of Personality and Communication	p. 399
Dignity of Man	p. 400
Scope of Protection	p. 400
Interference	p. 403
Justification	p. 403
Protection of the Personality	p. 405
Scope of Protection	p. 405
Interference	p. 417
Justification	p. 417
The Protection of Communication	p. 418
Scope of Protection	p. 418
Interference	p. 425
Justification	p. 426
Freedom and Security - Outlook	p. 427
The Right to Pursue a Freely Chosen Occupation	p. 430
Scope of Protection	p. 430
Function, Significance and Sources of the Right to Pursue a Freely Chosen Occupation in EU Law	p. 430
Subject Matter of Protection	p. 435
Personal Scope of Protection	p. 441
Infringement	p. 442
Justification	p. 443
Restrictions of the Right to Pursue a Freely Chosen Occupation	p. 444
Requirements for a Restriction of the Right to Pursue a Freely Chosen Occupation in Conformity with Community Law	p. 444
The Fundamental Right to Property	p. 448
Position and Relevance of the Fundamental Right to Property in Community Law	p. 448
The Derivation and Dogmatic Structure of the Fundamental Right to Property under Community Law	p. 449
The European Fundamental Right to Property in Detail	p. 453
The Scope of Protection of the Fundamental Right to Property	p. 453
Impairment of the Scope of Protection	p. 455
Justification	p. 458
Conclusion	p. 464
Basic Rights of Equality and Social Rights	p. 466
Rights to Equality	p. 466
Overview and System	p. 466
Norm Structure and Structure of Review	p. 467
The General Principle of Equality	p. 469
Specific Principles of Equality	p. 471
Social Rights	p. 485
Solidarity and Social Rights	p. 485
Typology of Social Rights	p. 487
Judicial and Procedural Fundamental Rights	p. 490
Overview	p. 490
Relevance of Judicial and Procedural Fundamental Rights in Community Law	p. 490
Sources of Community Law Procedural Fundamental Rights	p. 491
Obligors	p. 493
Fundamental Procedural Rights in Relation to the Community Institutions	p. 494
Fundamental Procedural Rights in Relation to the Community Administrative Organs	p. 494
Procedural Rights before the Community Tribunals	p. 500
Requirements of Community Procedural Fundamental Rights for Member States	p. 506
Applicability of Procedural Fundamental Rights to Member States' Actions	p. 506
Parallel Guarantees of Procedural Rights through Fundamental Freedoms	p. 508
Parallel Guarantee of Procedural Rights through the Requirement of Equal and Effective Protection (Article 10 TEC/Article I-5(2) DC)	p. 508
Particular Problems in 'Tiered' Proceedings und 'Mixed' Decisions between National Authorities and EC-Commission	p. 513
The 'Tiered' Proceeding	p. 513
Problems of Judicial Protection in 'Mixed Decisions'	p. 515
Summary	p. 517
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union	p. 518
Introduction	p. 518
Contents and Restrictions of Fundamental Rights	p. 520
Overview of the Fundamental Rights Guaranteed by the Charter	p. 520
The Restrictions within the Charter of Fundamental Rights	p. 524
Comment	p. 526
On the Area of Application of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union	p. 530
On the Legally Binding Nature of the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union prior to the European Constitution Coming into Effect	p. 533
The European Agency for Fundamental Rights	p. 538
Prospect	p. 539
Citizenship Rights in Europe
European Citizenship Rights	p. 541
Introduction	p. 541
Union Citizenship as a Matter of the European Union	p. 542
From Market Citizen to Union Citizen	p. 542
TEC Stipulations Relating to Union Citizenship	p. 544
Nationality, National Citizenship and Citizenship of the Union	p. 546
Nationality and National Citizenship	p. 547
Nationality as a Condition for Citizenship of the Union	p. 549
Citizenship of the Union as a Complement to National Citizenship	p. 551
European Citizenship Rights	p. 552
Freedom of Movement	p. 552
Political Rights	p. 556
Right to Diplomatic and Consular Protection (Article 20 TEC/Article I-10(2)(c) DC)	p. 564
Citizenship of the Union and the Prohibition on Discrimination (Article 12 TEC/Articles I-4(2), III-123 DC)	p. 568
Concluding Remarks	p. 572
Decisions of the European Court of Human Rights	p. 575
Decisions of the European Court of Justice	p. 586
Table of Model Cases	p. 606
Index	p. 609
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