Series Preface |
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xi | |
Preface |
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xiii | |
Acronyms, Abbreviations and Symbols |
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xv | |
About the Author |
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xxi | |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (2) |
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Nomenclature and Terminology (IUPAC and Non-IUPAC) |
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3 | (6) |
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9 | (2) |
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10 | (1) |
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Introductory Overview and Discussion of Experimental Methodology |
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11 | (14) |
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Overview of the Differences between Equilibrium and Dynamic Measurements |
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12 | (5) |
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The Magnitude of the Current: Rates of Electron Transfer, Mass Transport, and their Implications |
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17 | (6) |
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The Implications of Using Diffusive or Convective Control |
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23 | (2) |
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24 | (1) |
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Equilibrium Measurements: `Frustrated' Equilibrium with No Net Electron Transfer |
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25 | (60) |
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Introduction: What is `Equilibrium'? Concepts of `Frustrated' Equilibrium |
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26 | (3) |
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Revision: emf, Electrode Potentials and the SHE |
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29 | (7) |
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Terminology and Symbolisms |
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29 | (4) |
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33 | (3) |
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The Nernst Equation and its Permutations |
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36 | (8) |
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Limitations of the Nernst Equation |
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42 | (2) |
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Differences between Concentration and Activity |
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44 | (13) |
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Brief Discourse on Ion-Ion Interactions |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (2) |
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Revision of Debye-Huckel Theory |
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50 | (7) |
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Applications Based on Calculations with the Nernst Equation |
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57 | (14) |
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pH Determination and the pH Electrode |
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57 | (3) |
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60 | (9) |
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Potentiometric Determination of Solubility Constants |
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69 | (2) |
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Causes and Treatment of Errors |
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71 | (14) |
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Current Passage through a Cell Causing Internal Compositional Changes |
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72 | (1) |
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Current Passage through Reference Electrodes |
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73 | (1) |
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Determination of Concentration when the Mean Ionic Activity Coefficient is Unknown |
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74 | (1) |
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Cell Design and the Effects of `IR Drop' |
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74 | (1) |
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Additional Sources of Potential Owing to Ionic Transport and Junction Potentials |
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75 | (10) |
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Potentiometry: True Equilibrium and Monitoring Systems with Electron Transfer |
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85 | (22) |
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Introduction to Potentiometry |
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86 | (14) |
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Redox Titrations: End Points and Shapes of Curves |
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86 | (10) |
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Determination of Equilibrium Constants and Solubility Constants |
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96 | (4) |
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100 | (3) |
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103 | (4) |
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103 | (1) |
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Errors Caused by Low Precision of Volume Determination: Use of Gran Plots |
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103 | (2) |
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Errors Caused by Poor ISE Selectivity |
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105 | (2) |
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107 | (24) |
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Introduction to Coulometry and Faraday's Laws |
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108 | (14) |
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Faradaic and Non-Faradaic Charge |
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115 | (2) |
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The Effects of Absorption, Capacitance and the Electrode Double-Layer |
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117 | (5) |
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122 | (3) |
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125 | (2) |
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Introduction to Electron Mediation |
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127 | (1) |
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128 | (3) |
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Analysis by Dynamic Measurement, A: Systems under Diffusion Control |
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131 | (64) |
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Experimental Introduction to Dynamic Electrochemistry |
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132 | (4) |
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Chronoamperometry: Current Determined with Time |
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136 | (6) |
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The Nernst Layer (`Depletion' Layer) |
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137 | (4) |
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141 | (1) |
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Polarography at Hg Electrodes |
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142 | (14) |
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The Polarographic Experiment |
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143 | (1) |
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Polarography: the Dropping-Mercury Electrode |
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144 | (7) |
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Treatment of Polarographic Data: Obtaining E1/2 and its Use |
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151 | (2) |
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Determination of Equilibrium Constants: Shifts in E1/2 on Complexation |
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153 | (3) |
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Linear-Sweep and Cyclic Voltammetry at Solid Electrodes |
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156 | (20) |
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The Randles-Sevcik Equation |
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162 | (4) |
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The Effect of Slow Electron Transfer: Semiconducting Electrodes |
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166 | (2) |
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Quantification of Diffusion Phenomena |
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168 | (1) |
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Mechanistic Data from Voltammetry |
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169 | (7) |
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Improving Sensitivity: Pulse Methods |
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176 | (9) |
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176 | (3) |
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Differential Pulse Voltammetry |
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179 | (3) |
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Square-Wave Pulse Voltammetry |
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182 | (3) |
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185 | (3) |
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The Glucose Sensor: a Worked Example of Voltammetric Analysis |
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188 | (3) |
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Causes and Treatment of Errors |
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191 | (4) |
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191 | (1) |
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IR Drop: the Lugging Capillary |
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192 | (3) |
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Analysis by Dynamic Measurement, B: Systems under Convection Control |
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195 | (42) |
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Introduction to Convective Systems |
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196 | (1) |
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The Rotated Disc Electrode |
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197 | (13) |
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Discussion of the Experiment |
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197 | (5) |
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202 | (8) |
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Flow Cells, Channel Electrodes and Wall-Jet Electrodes |
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210 | (8) |
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Flow Cells and Channel Electrodes |
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210 | (5) |
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215 | (3) |
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The Rotated Ring-Disc Electrode |
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218 | (5) |
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Rate Constants of Electron Transfer |
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223 | (11) |
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The Tafel Approach to Electrode Kinetics |
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225 | (1) |
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The Butler-Volmer Approach |
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226 | (6) |
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Koutecky-Levich Plots and Measurement of the Rates of Electron Transfer |
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232 | (2) |
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Causes and Treatment of Errors |
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234 | (3) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (38) |
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238 | (15) |
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Introduction: What is Spectroelectrochemistry? |
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238 | (1) |
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Electrochemical UV - Visible Spectroscopy |
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239 | (8) |
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Electrochemical EPR Spectroscopy |
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247 | (6) |
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Electroanalytical Measurements Involving Impedance |
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253 | (17) |
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253 | (9) |
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Impedances of Real Cells: Quantification of Diffusion Phenomena and the Warburg Impedance |
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262 | (8) |
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Causes and Treatment of Errors |
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270 | (5) |
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Discontinuities in an OTE Conductor |
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270 | (1) |
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Total Internal Reflection in UV - Visible Spectroscopy |
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270 | (1) |
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Large Absorbances and the Optical Band Edge |
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271 | (2) |
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273 | (1) |
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274 | (1) |
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275 | (14) |
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Preparation and Characterization of Solid Electrode Surfaces |
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276 | (10) |
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Cleaning Electrode Surfaces |
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276 | (4) |
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280 | (4) |
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Making Reference Electrodes |
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284 | (2) |
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286 | (1) |
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Screen-Printed Electrodes |
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287 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (16) |
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Simulation of Electrochemical Data |
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289 | (10) |
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293 | (6) |
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299 | (3) |
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302 | (3) |
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304 | (1) |
Appendices |
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305 | (6) |
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1 Named Electroanalysis Equations Used in the Text |
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305 | (1) |
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2 Writing a Cell Schematic |
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306 | (1) |
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3 The Electrode Potential Series (against the SHE) |
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307 | (4) |
Responses to Self-Assessment Questions |
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311 | (18) |
Bibliography |
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329 | (8) |
Glossary of Terms |
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337 | (10) |
SI Units and Physical Constants |
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347 | (4) |
Periodic Table |
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351 | (2) |
Index |
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353 | |