General Economic History,9780486425146

General Economic History

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ISBN13: 9780486425146
ISBN10: 0486425142
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 2003-02-03
Publisher(s): Dover Publications
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Summary

The final work of the great sociologist, economist, and political scientist starts with descriptions and analyses of the agrarian systems, and then explores manorial system, guilds, and early capitalism, organization of industry and mining, development of commerce, technical requisites for transporting goods, banking systems, evolution of capitalism and capitalistic spirit.

Table of Contents

PART ONE HOUSEHOLD, CLAN, VILLAGE AND MANOR
Agricultural Organization and the Problem of Agrarian Communism
3(23)
The German agrarian organization
3(1)
Settlement relations
4(3)
Property relations
7(1)
Class relationships in the peasantry
8(2)
Spread of the Germanic settlement form
10(1)
Westphalia
11(1)
Alpine economy
11(1)
The Zadruga
12(1)
Vestiges of Roman field divisions
12(1)
Origin and dissolution of the Germanic agrarian system
12(3)
The Celtic agrarian organization
15(2)
The Russian Mir, its effects on economic life and its origin
17(4)
The Dutch-East-Indian field system
21(1)
Chinese agrarian organization
22(1)
Indian agrarian organization
22(1)
The German Gehoferschaft
23(1)
The theory of primitive agrarian communism
24(1)
Primitive agriculture
24(2)
Property Systems and Social Groups
26(25)
Forms of Appropriation
26(2)
The House Community and the Clan
28(9)
The small-family
28(1)
The socialistic theory of the origin of marriage
28(2)
Prostitution
30(3)
Sexual freedom and its forms
33(1)
Other historical stages of sexual life in the socialistic theory
34(2)
Legitimate marriage under patriarchal law and its contrasts
36(1)
The Evolution of the Family as Conditioned by Economic and non-Economic Factors
37(6)
Primitive economic life; the theory of the three economic stages
37(1)
Division of labor between the sexes and types of communalization
38(1)
The men's house
39(2)
The struggle between patriarchal and matriarchal law
41(2)
Group marriage
43(1)
Patriarchal authority of the man
43(1)
The Evolution of the Clan
43(3)
Types of clans
43(1)
Organized and unorganized clans
44(1)
History of the clan
44(1)
Prophecy and the clan
45(1)
Bureaucracy and the clan
46(1)
Evolution of the House Community
46(5)
The primitive house community and property relations
46(1)
Development into other forms of economic organization
47(1)
The patriarchal house community
47(1)
Its dissolution
48(1)
Monogamy as the exclusive marriage form
49(2)
The Origin of Seigniorial Proprietorship
51(14)
The small-family as point of departure
51(1)
Roots of seigniorial proprietorship: Chieftainship
51(1)
Conquest of hostile populations, commendation, seigniorial land-settlement and leasing
52(2)
Magical charism
54(1)
Individual trade
54(2)
Fiscal roots of seigniorial proprietorship, various forms
56(1)
Individual trade of princes, irrigation culture of the modern orient
56(2)
Oikos-economy
58(1)
Taxation systems of princes
58(1)
Methods of exploiting the taxing power
59(1)
Delegagation of taxation to chieftain or landed proprietor
60(1)
Seigniorial proprietorship in colonial regions
61(1)
The occidental, Japanese and Russian feudal systems
62(3)
The Manor
65(9)
Conditions back of the development of the manor
65(1)
Immunity and judicial authority
65(1)
Precaria and beneficium
66(1)
The manorial holding (Fronhof)
67(1)
Political (``socage'') district (Bannbezirk) and manorial law
68(1)
Freedom and unfreedom of the peasant
69(3)
Exploitation of the peasant by rent exactions, forms of these
72(2)
The Position of the Peasants in Various Western Countries Before the Entrance of Capitalism
74(5)
France
74(1)
Italy, Germany
75(2)
England
77(2)
Capitalistic Development of the Manor
79(36)
The Plantation
79(5)
Types of plantations
79(1)
Plantations in antiquity
80(2)
The southern states of the U. S. A.
82(2)
Estate Economy
84(8)
Types of estates
84(1)
Stock raising without capital or with little capital
84(1)
Intensive capitalistic pastoral economy
85(1)
Cereal production in England
85(1)
Russia
86(1)
Germany, the west
87(2)
the east and ``hereditary dependency,''
89(1)
Organization of an east-Elbe estate
90(2)
Poland and White Russia
92(1)
The Dissolution of the Manorial System
92(23)
Causes and Processes of liberation of land and peasants
92(3)
Various countries: China
95(1)
India, the near east
96(1)
Japan
96(1)
Greece and Rome
96(2)
England
98(1)
France
98(1)
South and west Germany
99(1)
East Germany, Austria
100(3)
Prussia
103(3)
Russia
106(2)
The present agrarian organization
108(1)
Inheritance law, primogeniture
108(1)
fidei-commissa and entails
109(1)
Political results of the break-up of feudalism, landed aristocracies
110(1)
Private property in land
111(4)
PART TWO INDUSTRY AND MINING DOWN TO THE BEGINNING OF THE CAPITALISTIC DEVELOPMENT
Principal Forms of the Economic Organization of Industry
115(7)
Scope of the concept of industry
115(1)
Types of raw-material transformation
115(1)
Industry in the house community, division of labor between the sexes
116(1)
Specialization and communal labor
117(1)
Skilled trades
117(1)
Relation of the worker to the market
118(1)
to the job
118(1)
to the place of work
119(1)
to the fixed investment
120(2)
Stages in the Development of Industry and Mining
122(14)
House industry and tribal industry
122(1)
Types of inter-group specialization, castes
123(1)
Local specialization, demiurgical labor
124(1)
Specialization in village industry and on the feudal manor (Fronhof)
124(1)
On the estate or oikos
124(2)
Transition to production to order and for the market, the worker as labor power or as rent-payer
126(1)
Shop industry and ergasterion
126(4)
Differences in the labor organization of antiquity and of the middle ages, slavery
130(3)
Medieval craftsmen and the town
133(1)
and industrial organizations
134(2)
The Craft Guilds
136(8)
The nature of the guild
136(1)
Unfree guilds
136(1)
Ritualistic guilds
137(1)
Guild policy, internal
138(3)
external
141(1)
Later products of guild policy
142(2)
The Origin of the European Guilds
144(9)
The manorial law theory
144(1)
criticized
145(1)
Production of skilled craftsmen by the feudal manor
146(1)
Free and unfree craftsmen
147(1)
Guild, town and town lord
147(2)
Livelihood policy of the guilds
149(1)
Guild struggles, with rural workers, laborers, merchants
150(1)
Guild wars
151(2)
Disintegration of the Guilds and Development of the Domestic System
153(9)
Displacement of the guild, rise of craftsmen to position of merchant and factor
153(1)
Subdivision and fusion of guilds
154(1)
Relation to importer and exporter
154(1)
Domestic industry, its varying development in European countries
155(4)
Stages in the development of the domestic or putting-out system
159(1)
Domestic industry over the world
160(2)
Shop Production. The Factory and Its Fore-Runners
162(16)
Forms of shop production, factory and manufactory
162(1)
Prerequisites of the factory, steady, mass demand and efficient technology
163(1)
supply of free labor
164(1)
Fore-runners of the factory in the west, communal establishments
165(2)
private establishments (early English factories)
167(2)
New developments through the interaction of specialization and combination of labor and application of non-human power
169(1)
The market of the specialized large industry, political demand, luxury demand and substitute luxuries
169(2)
Monopoly and state concession as basis of older large-scale industry
171(2)
Relation between factory, craft work, domestic industry and machinery
173(1)
Results of factory industry for entrepreneur and laborer
174(1)
Obstacles to development of shop industry into the modern factory in various countries
175(3)
Mining Prior to the Development of Modern Capitalism
178(17)
Mining the first field industrialized
178(1)
Legal problems
178(1)
History of mining law and of mining, earliest mining outside the occident
179(1)
Greece
180(1)
Rome and the middle ages
181(1)
Germany
181(1)
other western countries
182(1)
Periods in the history of German mining in the middle ages
183(3)
Development of industrial forms down to the appearance of modern capitalism
186(4)
Smelteries
190(1)
The ore trade
190(1)
Coal mining
190(5)
PART THREE COMMERCE AND EXCHANGE IN THE PRE-CAPITALISTIC AGE
Points of Departure in the Development of Commerce
195(4)
Oldest trade that between ethnic groups
195(1)
Peddling
195(1)
Trading castes
195(1)
The Jews as an out-cast commercial class
196(1)
Seigniorial trade and its varieties
196(1)
Gift trade and trade of princes
197(2)
Technical Requisites for the Transportation of Goods
199(3)
Primitive transport conditions
199(1)
Land transport and its primitive possibilities
199(1)
Water transport
199(1)
Navigation
200(1)
Development of sailing
200(2)
Forms of Organization of Transportation and of Commerce
202(21)
The Alien Trader
202(13)
Ocean commerce and piracy
202(1)
Merchant shipping of princes and private persons in the ancient world
202(1)
Roman conditions
202(1)
Shipping and mercantile organization in Greece and Rome
203(1)
Legal forms of commerce
204(1)
Sea loans in antiquity
204(1)
Medieval conditions
205(1)
Shipping partnerships and sea loans
205(1)
Commenda and societas maris
206(1)
The turnover of medieval sea trade
207(1)
Land commerce, means of transport
208(1)
Turnover, duration of voyage and commercial organization
209(2)
Inland shipping in the middle ages
211(1)
Protection of the merchant, safe conduct
212(1)
Legal protection, reprisal, proxenia, hostage, the hanse
212(1)
Settlements of merchants
213(1)
Market organization
214(1)
The Resident Trader
215(5)
Town origin of the resident merchant
215(1)
Stages in the development
215(1)
Retail trade dominant in medieval commerce
216(1)
Struggles of the resident trader for monopoly of the town market
216(2)
for internal equality of opportunity
218(1)
prohibition of forestalling, right of sharing
218(1)
Street and staple compulsion
219(1)
Struggles with consumers
220(1)
Beginnings of wholesale trade
220(1)
The Trade of the Fairs
220(3)
Nature of the fair
220(1)
The fairs of Champagne
220(2)
Other fairs
222(1)
Forms of Commercial Enterprise
223(7)
Calculability and association of interest
223(1)
Position numerals, accounting and the trading company
223(2)
The commenda as occasional enterprise
225(1)
Origin of permanent organization for commercial enterprise
226(1)
Credit and the means of guaranteeing it, house-community and joint liability
226(2)
Separation of the property of the company
228(1)
The commandite
229(1)
Hanseatic company forms
229(1)
Mercantile Guilds
230(6)
Nature of the mercantile guild
230(1)
Local guilds of foreigners in the west, the hanses
230(1)
Guilds of resident traders in China and India
230(2)
in the west
232(1)
History of the occidental guilds
233(1)
Commercial policies of guilds, especially the German Hanse
234(2)
Money and Monetary History
236(18)
Money and private property
236(1)
The functions of money, money as means of payment only, domestic money
236(1)
Money as means of accumulation and mark of class distinction
237(1)
Money as a general medium of exchange
238(1)
Varieties of money
238(1)
Valuation of different forms
239(2)
The precious metals as the basis of the monetary system
241(1)
Coinage
241(1)
Technique of coining
242(1)
Metallic standards
243(1)
History of gold and silver values, eastern Asia and the ancient east
244(1)
Rome and the middle ages
244(3)
Coinage debasement in the middle ages
247(1)
Free coinage
248(1)
Increase in overseas production of the precious metals from the 16th century
248(2)
Obstacles to the rationalization of money
250(1)
Modern monetary policies
251(3)
Banking and Dealings in Money in the Pre-Capitalistic Age
254(13)
Character of the oldest banking transactions
254(2)
Banking in Rome
256(1)
Temple banks and state monopolization of banking in antiquity
256(2)
Functions of the medieval bank
258(2)
Liquidity, establishment of banking monopolies
260(1)
The bill of exchange
261(2)
Banking in England, the Bank of England
263(2)
Banking outside of Europe, China and India
265(2)
Interests in the Pre-Capitalistic Period
267(8)
Absence or prohibition of interest in early society
267(1)
Evasion of the prohibition, the chattel loan
268(1)
Medieval methods of meeting the need for credit, ecclesiastical prohibition of interest
269(1)
The role of the Jews
270(1)
of Protestantism
271(4)
PART FOUR THE ORIGIN OF MODERN CAPITALISM
The Meaning and Presuppositions of Modern Capitalism
275(4)
Capitalism a method of provision for want satisfaction
275(1)
Capitalistic supply of everyday requirements peculiar to the occident
276(1)
General requisites for the existence of capitalism
276(1)
Calculable law
277(2)
The External Facts in the Evolution of Capitalism
279(7)
Commercialization
279(1)
The stock company, war-loans
279(1)
Financing of commercial undertakings, the regulated company
280(1)
The great colonial companies
281(1)
Financing by the state, administration without a budget, tax farming
282(1)
The exchequer, the special-levy system
283(1)
Monopolies
284(2)
The First Great Speculative Crises
286(6)
Speculation and Crises
286(1)
The tulip craze
286(1)
John Law
286(2)
England, the South Sea Company
288(2)
Later speculative crises
290(1)
Capital creation, the age of iron
290(2)
Free Wholesale Trade
292(6)
Separation of wholesale from retail trade in the 18th century, forms of wholesale organization
292(1)
The fair and the exchange
293(1)
News service and the wholesale trade
294(2)
Commercial organization and transportation
296(2)
Colonial Policy from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century
298(4)
Accumulation of wealth through colonial exploitation
298(1)
Slavery and the slave trade
299(1)
Colonial trade and capitalism
300(1)
The end of capitalistic exploitation of colonies with abolition of slavery
300(2)
The Development of Industrial Technique
302(13)
Factory, machine and apparatus
302(1)
The earliest true factory in England
302(1)
Cotton manufacture crucial in the rationalization and mechanization of work
303(1)
Primary role of coal and iron
304(1)
Results, liberation of production from the limitations of organic materials and of labor, and from tradition
305(1)
The recruiting of the labor force
306(1)
The market of the factory, the military demand
307(2)
The luxury demand
309(1)
Mass demand
310(1)
The price revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries
311(1)
Inventions
311(1)
Characteristics and causes of western capitalism
312(1)
Historical conditions of its development
313(2)
Citizenship
315(23)
Citizenship as an economic, political, and social-class concept
315(1)
Contributions of the city in various fields of culture
316(1)
Various meanings of the term city
317(1)
City as a unitary community peculiar to the occident, reasons for this
318(1)
Origin in oath of brotherhood
319(1)
Rise of cities in the east prevented by peculiarities of military organization
320(1)
Irrigation culture and administrative organization
321(1)
Obstacles in ideas of magic
322(1)
Similarities between cities of antiquity and of the middle ages
323(1)
between classical and medieval democracy
324(2)
Contrasts between classical and medieval democracy, absence of the guild and guild policy in the former
326(2)
Antiquity characterized instead by conflict between landowners and landless
328(1)
and by increasing sharpness of class distinctions with growth of democracy
329(2)
The ancient city as a political guild with military acquisitive interests, and chronic war as its normal condition
331(1)
Contrasts in urban development between south and north in medieval Europe
332(2)
The city and capitalism, irrational capitalism
334(1)
Rational capitalism a product of the occident since the close of the middle ages
334(2)
In antiquity the cities lose their freedom to the bureaucratically organized state and world-empire, which throttled capitalism with compulsory contributions and services
336(1)
In modern times they lose it to competing national states which are forced into alliance with capitalism
336(2)
The Rational State
338(14)
The State Itself; Law and Officialdom
338(5)
The rational state peculiar to the occident
338(1)
Administration by specialists and rational law
339(1)
Roman law, rationalization of procedure through interaction with canon law
340(1)
Revival of Roman law and capitalism
341(1)
Historical descent of characteristic institutions of capitalism
342(1)
Formalistic law and capitalism
342(1)
The Economic Policy of the Rational State
343(4)
Fiscal interests and public welfare the two types of state economic policy before the development of mercantilism
343(1)
Obstruction of deliberate economic policy in the east by ritualism, caste, and clan
344(1)
The occident, beginnings of economic policy on the part of rulers under the Carolingians
345(1)
Economic policy of the Church, especially of the monasteries
345(1)
The Emperor and the territorial princes
346(1)
England
347(1)
Mercantilism
347(5)
Nature and significance of mercantilism
347(1)
Its program
347(1)
England distinctively its home
348(1)
Two forms of mercantilism, class-monopolies
349(1)
nationalistic mercantilism
350(1)
Development of capitalism in England alongside mercantilism; capitalism and Puritanism
351(1)
End of English mercantilism
351(1)
The Evolution of the Capitalistic Spirit
352(19)
Neither population growth nor importation of precious metals crucial in creating western capitalism
352(2)
External conditions of its development
354(1)
Rationalistic economic ethic decisive
354(1)
History of economic ethics; at the beginning, traditionalism, stereotyping of conduct
354(1)
Intensification of traditionalism by material interests and by magic
355(1)
Traditionalism not overcome by the economic impulse alone
355(1)
Breakdown of opposition of internal and external ethics
356(1)
Capitalism necessarily arises in a region with an ethical theory hostile to it
357(1)
Economic ethics of the Church
357(1)
The Jews had no part in the creation of modern capitalism
358(2)
Judaism gave Christianity its hostility to magic
360(2)
Overthrow of magic by rational prophecy
362(1)
Prophecy absent in China, in India created a religious aristocracy
362(1)
Judaism and Christianity plebeian religions
363(1)
Significance of asceticism for rationalization of life, Tibet, medieval monasticism
364(1)
Diffusion of the old religious asceticism over the worldly life by the Reformation
365(2)
The Protestant conception of the calling, and capitalism
367(1)
Protestant-ascetic economic ethics stripped of its religious import by the Enlightenment; social consequences
368(3)
Notes 371(12)
Index of Names 383(2)
Subject Index 385

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