Gravity, Special Relativity, and the Strong Force

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Format: Hardcover
Pub. Date: 2012-07-25
Publisher(s): Springer Nature
List Price: $139.99

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Summary

This book shows that the strong interaction forces, which keep hadrons and nuclei together, are relativistic gravitational forces exerted between very small particles in the mass range of neutrinos. First, this book considers the problematic motion of two charged particles under the influence of electrostatic and gravitational forces only, which shows that bound states are formed by following the same semi-classical methodology used by Bohr to describe the H atom. This approach is also coupled with Newton's gravitational law and with Einstein's special relativity. The results agree with experiments on the masses and magnetic moments of hadrons and the binding energies of small nuclei. The analysis of these experiments provide the means to rationalize all the main experimental features of the strong force. Some of the implications for the unification of forces and the nature of our micro-cosmos and macro-cosmos are also discussed. The creation of mass itself, in other words, of hadrons from particles as light as neutrinos, can now be modeled in a straightforward manner.

Table of Contents

1905-1930: The Golden Age of Physicsp. 1
The Three Major Breakthroughsp. 1
Open Problemsp. 1
A Common Starting Point for Natural Scientists: The Bohr Model for the H Atomp. 4
Deterministic and Probabilistic Modelsp. 7
Newton's Gravitational Law, Special Relativity, and the Equivalence Principlep. 8
Relativistic Rotating Particle Models for Hadronsp. 9
Synopsisp. 12
Referencesp. 12
Mass, Special Relativity and the Equivalence Principlep. 15
The Concept of Massp. 15
The Equivalence Principlep. 16
Rest, Relativistic, Inertial, and Gravitational Mass in Special Relativity: Some Questionsp. 17
Newton's Gravitational Law, Velocity and General Relativityp. 18
Quantum Gravityp. 20
Synopsisp. 21
Referencesp. 22
The Strong Force: From Quarks to Hadrons and Nucleip. 23
The Strong Forcep. 23
Classical and Quantized Fieldsp. 23
The Mediation Mechanismp. 24
History and the Postulate of Color Chargep. 24
Properties of the Strong Forcep. 25
The Residual Strong Forcep. 25
Quantum Chromodynamicsp. 27
Synopsisp. 28
Referencesp. 28
The World of Particles and the Standard Modelp. 31
Elementary Particlesp. 31
Historyp. 31
The Standard Model of Elementary Particlesp. 33
Leptonsp. 36
Charged Leptonsp. 36
Neutrinosp. 36
Hadronsp. 42
The Standard Model Taxonomy of Hadronsp. 45
Hadron Massesp. 45
Hadron Angular Momentap. 46
Synopsisp. 48
Referencesp. 48
The Equivalence Principle, Special Relativity, and Newton's Gravitational Lawp. 51
The Weak Equivalence Principlep. 51
Special Relativityp. 53
Implications of the Special Relativity: Length Contraction and Time Dilationp. 53
Transformation of Velocitiesp. 55
Accelerated Motionsp. 56
Forces in Relativistic Mechanicsp. 57
Newton's Universal Gravitational Lawp. 61
The Synthesis of Newton's Gravitational Law, Equivalence Principle, and Special Relativityp. 62
Einstein's Equivalence Principle and Strong Equivalence Principlep. 64
Synopsisp. 65
Referencesp. 65
The Three and Two Rotating Neutrino Models: Particle Confinement by Gravityp. 67
Requirements for a Satisfactory Hadron Formation Modelp. 67
The Inertial and Gravitational Mass of Fast Neutrinosp. 68
The Three-Neutrino Modelp. 69
Equivalence Principle and Inertial Massp. 70
The Classical Mechanical Problemp. 72
The de Broglie Wavelength Expression and Consistency with Quantum Mechanicsp. 73
Numerical Substitutionsp. 75
The Two-Neutrino Modelp. 78
Summarizing Remarksp. 81
Synopsisp. 82
Referencesp. 82
Energy and Other Properties of the Rotational Statesp. 85
Potential, Translational, and Total Energy of the Neutrinosp. 85
Properties of the Bound Statesp. 88
Rest Energy and Binding Energyp. 88
Radii and Lorentz Factors ¿p. 88
Lifetimes and Rotational Periodsp. 89
Spins and Chargesp. 89
Magnetic Momentsp. 91
Inertial Mass and Angular Momentump. 92
Gravitational Forcep. 93
Summary of the Comparison with Experimentp. 94
Gravitational Constantp. 95
Energy-Curvature Dependence and General Relativityp. 95
Model Consistency with General Relativity: Kerr Black Holesp. 97
Synopsisp. 98
Referencesp. 99
Gravitational Hadronization: How Mass Can Be Produced from Gravityp. 101
The Generation of Rest Mass by the Kinetic Energy of the Constituents of a Confined Statep. 101
Thermodynamics of Neutrino and Quark-Gluon Plasma Condensationp. 104
Synopsisp. 105
Referencesp. 105
Model Comparison with the Main Experimental Features of the Strong Interaction Forcep. 107
Quarks, Gluons, and Color Chargep. 107
Quarksp. 108
Gluonsp. 109
Color Chargep. 109
Confinement and Asymptotic Freedomp. 109
Scattering Cross Sections and Hadron Jetsp. 110
Synopsisp. 111
Referencesp. 111
The Bohr-de Broglie Approach in Physics: The Dual Nature of Matterp. 113
Meritsp. 113
Limitationsp. 116
Charged Baryonsp. 117
Synopsisp. 119
Referencesp. 120
Gravity at Relativistic Velocities and Dark Matterp. 121
Dark Matter in Galaxiesp. 121
Newton's Gravitational Law and Special Relativityp. 121
Virial Theorem and Dark Matterp. 122
Alternate Explanationsp. 123
Gravity Modificationp. 123
Gravitational Massp. 124
Neutrinos in Spacep. 125
Synopsisp. 125
Referencesp. 125
Force Unification: Is the Strong Force Simply Gravity?p. 127
Coupling Constants: Facts and Expectationsp. 127
Gravitational Coupling Constantsp. 129
Synopsisp. 134
Referencesp. 135
Epiloguep. 137
Referencesp. 138
A Natural Constant Symbols and Valuesp. 139
Indexp. 141
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

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