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An introduction to crude oil and its processing |
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1 | (46) |
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The composition and characteristics of crude oil |
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1 | (5) |
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6 | (3) |
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Other basic definitions and correlations |
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9 | (9) |
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Predicting product qualities |
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18 | (9) |
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27 | (1) |
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The processes common to most energy refineries |
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28 | (9) |
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Processes not so common to energy refineries |
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37 | (3) |
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The non-energy refineries |
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40 | (5) |
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45 | (2) |
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Petroleum products and a refinery configuration |
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47 | (64) |
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47 | (1) |
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48 | (15) |
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A discussion on the motive fuels of gasoline and diesel |
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63 | (13) |
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A refinery process configuration development |
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76 | (33) |
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109 | (2) |
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The atmospheric and vacuum crude distillation units |
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111 | (78) |
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The atmospheric crude distillation unit |
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112 | (57) |
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112 | (3) |
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The development of the material balance for the atmospheric crude distillation unit |
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115 | (4) |
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The design characteristics of an atmospheric crude distillation fractionating tower |
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119 | (3) |
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The fractionator overhead system |
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122 | (6) |
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The side streams and intermediate reflux sections |
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128 | (9) |
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Calculating the main tower dimensions |
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137 | (5) |
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The crude feed preheat exchanger system design |
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142 | (4) |
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An example in the design of an atmospheric crude oil distillation tower |
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146 | (23) |
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The vacuum crude distillation unit |
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169 | (14) |
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169 | (2) |
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The vacuum crude distillation unit's flash zone |
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171 | (1) |
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The tower overhead ejector system |
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172 | (4) |
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Calculating flash zone conditions in a vacuum unit |
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176 | (1) |
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177 | (1) |
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Determine pumparound and internal flows for vacuum towers |
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178 | (1) |
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Calculate tower loading in the packed section of vacuum towers |
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179 | (4) |
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183 | (6) |
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The distillation of the `Light Ends' from crude oil |
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189 | (28) |
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A process description of a `light ends' unit |
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189 | (2) |
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Developing the material balance for light end units |
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191 | (5) |
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Calculating the operating conditions in light end towers |
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196 | (3) |
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Calculating the number of trays in light end towers |
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199 | (4) |
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Condenser and reboiler duties |
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203 | (2) |
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205 | (9) |
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Checks for light end tower operation and performance |
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214 | (3) |
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217 | (22) |
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219 | (8) |
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227 | (5) |
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232 | (2) |
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Advantages of CCR Platforming |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) |
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239 | (48) |
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244 | (3) |
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247 | (1) |
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Reaction chemistry and mechanisms |
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248 | (2) |
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Gas oil cracking technology features |
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250 | (21) |
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Cracking for light olefins and aromatics |
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271 | (7) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (3) |
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Appendix 6.1. Commercially available FCC catalysts and additives |
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282 | (5) |
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287 | (34) |
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287 | (1) |
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288 | (4) |
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292 | (6) |
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298 | (2) |
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300 | (5) |
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Catalyst loading and activation |
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305 | (1) |
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Catalyst deactivation and regeneration |
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306 | (2) |
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Design and operation of hydrocracking reactors |
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308 | (4) |
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Hydrocracking process variables |
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312 | (7) |
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Hydrocracker licensors and catalyst manufacturers |
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319 | (2) |
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321 | (34) |
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322 | (1) |
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323 | (4) |
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327 | (7) |
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334 | (3) |
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337 | (3) |
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Catalyst loading and activation |
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340 | (2) |
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Catalyst deactivation and regeneration |
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342 | (2) |
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Design and operation of hydrotreating reactors |
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344 | (3) |
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Hydrotreating process variables |
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347 | (6) |
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Hydrotreaters licensors and catalyst manufacturers |
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353 | (2) |
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355 | (128) |
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355 | (17) |
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355 | (1) |
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355 | (1) |
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356 | (4) |
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HF alkylation process flow description |
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360 | (4) |
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364 | (2) |
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Stratco effluent refrigerated alkylation process |
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366 | (4) |
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370 | (1) |
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370 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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371 | (1) |
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Catalytic olefin condensation |
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372 | (111) |
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372 | (1) |
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373 | (1) |
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Catalytic condensation process |
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373 | (3) |
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Catalytic condensation process for gasoline production |
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376 | (3) |
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Hydrogenated versus nonhydrogenated polymer gasolines from the catalytic condensation process |
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379 | (4) |
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Selective and nonselective gasoline production with the catalytic condensation process |
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383 | (2) |
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Catalytic condensation process as a source of diesel fuels |
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385 | (1) |
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386 | (3) |
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389 | (94) |
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The non-energy refineries |
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483 | (38) |
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483 | (1) |
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483 | (11) |
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486 | (1) |
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A description of major processes in lube oil refining |
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487 | (7) |
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494 | (14) |
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The petrochemical refinery |
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508 | (4) |
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The production of aromatics |
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508 | (3) |
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511 | (1) |
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Appendix 12.1 Sizing a bitumen oxidizer |
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512 | (9) |
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Support systems common to most refineries |
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521 | (90) |
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521 | (12) |
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522 | (1) |
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523 | (5) |
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528 | (5) |
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533 | (54) |
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533 | (1) |
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534 | (2) |
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536 | (1) |
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537 | (1) |
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Calculating heat loss and heater size for a tank |
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538 | (4) |
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Product blending facilities |
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542 | (3) |
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Road and rail loading facilities |
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545 | (4) |
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Jetty and dock facilities |
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549 | (1) |
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Jetty size, access, and location |
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549 | (3) |
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Waste disposal facilities |
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552 | (7) |
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559 | (6) |
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Effluent water treating facilities |
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565 | (2) |
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567 | (1) |
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568 | (1) |
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Brief descriptions of typical utility systems |
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569 | (1) |
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Steam and condensate systems |
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569 | (1) |
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570 | (5) |
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575 | (6) |
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581 | (1) |
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The ion exchange processes |
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581 | (4) |
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585 | (2) |
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587 | (15) |
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587 | (1) |
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588 | (3) |
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Types of pressure relief valves |
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591 | (2) |
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593 | (2) |
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Sizing of required orifice areas |
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595 | (5) |
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Sizing for flashing liquids |
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600 | (1) |
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Sizing for gas or vapor on low-pressure subsonic flow |
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600 | (2) |
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Appendix 13.1 Example calculation for sizing a tank heater |
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602 | (4) |
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Appendix 13.2 Example calculation for sizing a relief value |
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606 | (1) |
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Appendix 13.3 Control valve sizing |
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607 | (4) |
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Environmental control and engineering in petroleum refining |
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611 | (64) |
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611 | (1) |
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611 | (20) |
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Pollutants in aqueous waste streams |
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612 | (4) |
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Treating refinery aqueous wastes |
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616 | (5) |
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Oxidation of sulfides to thiosulfates |
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621 | (2) |
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623 | (1) |
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Oxidation of sulfide to sulfate |
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624 | (1) |
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624 | (1) |
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The API oil-water separator |
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625 | (3) |
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628 | (1) |
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Other refinery water effluent treatment processes |
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629 | (1) |
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630 | (1) |
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Emission to the atmosphere |
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631 | (15) |
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Features of the Clean Air Act |
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631 | (3) |
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The major effects of air pollution and the most common pollutants |
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634 | (5) |
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Monitoring atmospheric emission |
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639 | (1) |
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Reducing and controlling the atmospheric pollution in refinery products |
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640 | (3) |
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Controlling emission pollution from the refining processes |
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643 | (3) |
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646 | (11) |
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Noise problems and typical in-plant/community noise standards |
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646 | (1) |
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Fundamentals of acoustics and noise control |
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647 | (5) |
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Coping with noise in the design phase |
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652 | (1) |
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A typical community/in-plant noise program |
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653 | (4) |
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Appendix 14.1 Partial pressures of H2S and NH3 over aqueous solutions of H2S and NH3 |
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657 | (10) |
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Appendix 14.2 Example of the design of a sour water stripper with no reflux |
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|
667 | (5) |
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Appendix 14.3 Example design of an API separator |
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|
672 | (3) |
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Refinery safety measures and handling of hazardous materials |
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675 | (30) |
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|
675 | (1) |
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Handling of hazardous materials |
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|
675 | (21) |
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Anhydrous hydrofluoric acid |
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|
675 | (6) |
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The amines used in gas treating |
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681 | (2) |
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683 | (4) |
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687 | (3) |
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690 | (3) |
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693 | (3) |
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Fire prevention and fire fighting |
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696 | (9) |
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|
696 | (1) |
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Fire prevention with respect to equipment design and operation |
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697 | (4) |
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701 | (1) |
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Fire foam and foam systems |
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|
701 | (2) |
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703 | (1) |
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704 | (1) |
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Quality control of products in petroleum refining |
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705 | (34) |
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|
705 | (1) |
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Specifications for some common finished products |
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706 | (9) |
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706 | (1) |
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706 | (2) |
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708 | (1) |
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Aviation turbine gasoline (ATG) and jet fuels |
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708 | (2) |
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710 | (2) |
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712 | (1) |
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713 | (1) |
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713 | (1) |
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714 | (1) |
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|
715 | (1) |
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The description of some of the more common tests |
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715 | (24) |
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715 | (1) |
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ASTM distillations (D86, D156) |
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|
716 | (2) |
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Flash point test method (D93) |
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|
718 | (1) |
|
Pour point and cloud point (D97) |
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|
718 | (3) |
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Kinematic viscosity (D446) |
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|
721 | (2) |
|
Reid vapor pressure (D323) |
|
|
723 | (1) |
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Weathering test for the volatility of LPG (D1837) |
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|
724 | (2) |
|
Smoke point of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels (D1322) |
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|
726 | (5) |
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Conradson carbon residue of petroleum products (D189) |
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|
731 | (2) |
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Bromine number of petroleum distillates (D1159) |
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|
733 | (1) |
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Sulfur content by lamp method (D1266) |
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|
734 | (2) |
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Octane number research and motor |
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|
736 | (1) |
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|
737 | (2) |
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Economics---Refinery planning, economics, and handing new projects |
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|
739 | (112) |
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Refinery operation planning |
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|
739 | (1) |
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740 | (3) |
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Developing the running plan |
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743 | (2) |
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745 | (1) |
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Basis for assessing requirements |
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746 | (1) |
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|
747 | (1) |
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The refinery operating program |
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|
748 | (4) |
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Process evaluation and economic analysis |
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752 | (1) |
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|
752 | (4) |
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Building process configurations and the screening study |
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756 | (2) |
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758 | (4) |
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Investment costs for the new facilities |
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762 | (5) |
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Preparing more accurate cost data |
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767 | (4) |
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771 | (4) |
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775 | (9) |
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Discounted cash flow and economic analysis |
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|
784 | (9) |
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|
793 | (1) |
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Using linear programs to optimize process configurations |
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|
794 | (5) |
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Executing an approved project |
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|
799 | (1) |
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Developing the duty specification |
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|
799 | (7) |
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806 | (1) |
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Primary activities of the project team |
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|
807 | (15) |
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Developing the operating manual and plant commissioning |
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|
822 | (8) |
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Process guarantees and the guarantee test run |
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|
830 | (6) |
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|
|
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Refinery plan inadequacies report |
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|
836 | (1) |
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Crude oil inventory schedule |
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|
837 | (1) |
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Product inventory and schedule |
|
|
838 | (1) |
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Outline operating schedule |
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|
839 | (1) |
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Detailed operating program and schedule |
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|
840 | (1) |
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841 | (1) |
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Typical factors used in capacity factored estimates |
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|
842 | (1) |
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Example of a process specification |
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|
842 | (2) |
|
Example of a process guarantee |
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|
844 | (7) |
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|
851 | (26) |
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|
851 | (1) |
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Analysis at one point in time |
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|
852 | (7) |
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|
859 | (5) |
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864 | (5) |
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|
|
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Background for economic calculations |
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|
869 | (4) |
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873 | (1) |
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Loan repayments (mortgage formula) |
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|
874 | (1) |
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|
875 | (2) |
|
Process equipment in petroleum refining |
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|
877 | (194) |
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|
877 | (1) |
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|
877 | (47) |
|
Fractionators, trays, and packings |
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|
878 | (30) |
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|
908 | (6) |
|
Specifying pressure vessels |
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|
914 | (10) |
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|
924 | (30) |
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|
|
928 | (1) |
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Selection characteristics |
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|
929 | (1) |
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|
|
929 | (5) |
|
Evaluating pump performance |
|
|
934 | (2) |
|
Specifying a centrifugal pump |
|
|
936 | (1) |
|
The mechanical specification |
|
|
937 | (1) |
|
The process specification |
|
|
938 | (1) |
|
Compiling the pump calculation sheet |
|
|
938 | (5) |
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|
|
943 | (3) |
|
Pump drivers and utilities |
|
|
946 | (3) |
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Reacceleration requirement |
|
|
949 | (1) |
|
The principle of the turbine driver |
|
|
950 | (1) |
|
The performance of the steam turbine |
|
|
951 | (3) |
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|
|
954 | (45) |
|
Calculating horsepower of centrifugal compressors |
|
|
956 | (7) |
|
Centrifugal compressor surge control, performance curves and seals |
|
|
963 | (5) |
|
Specifying a centrifugal compressor |
|
|
968 | (7) |
|
Calculating reciprocating compressor horsepower |
|
|
975 | (4) |
|
Reciprocating compressor controls and inter-cooling |
|
|
979 | (3) |
|
Specifying a reciprocating compressor |
|
|
982 | (8) |
|
Compressor drivers, utilities, and ancillary equipment |
|
|
990 | (9) |
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|
|
999 | (41) |
|
General design considerations |
|
|
1002 | (3) |
|
Choice of tube side versus shell side |
|
|
1005 | (1) |
|
Estimating shell and tube surface area and pressure drop |
|
|
1006 | (10) |
|
Air coolers and condensers |
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|
1016 | (9) |
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|
1025 | (4) |
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1029 | (11) |
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1040 | (26) |
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|
1043 | (2) |
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|
|
1045 | (2) |
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|
1047 | (4) |
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|
|
1051 | (2) |
|
Refractories, stacks, and stack emissions |
|
|
1053 | (5) |
|
Specifying a fired heater |
|
|
1058 | (8) |
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|
|
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|
|
1066 | (1) |
|
Heat of combustion of fuel oils |
|
|
1067 | (1) |
|
Heat of combustion of fuel gasses |
|
|
1068 | (1) |
|
|
|
1069 | (1) |
|
Some common heat transfer coefficients |
|
|
1070 | (1) |
|
Standard exchanger tube sheet data |
|
|
1070 | (1) |
|
A dictionary of terms and expressions |
|
|
1071 | (214) |
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|
|
1285 | (64) |
|
Examples of working flow sheets |
|
|
1285 | (5) |
|
|
|
1290 | (18) |
|
Friction loss for viscous liquids |
|
|
1291 | (9) |
|
Resistance of valves and fittings |
|
|
1300 | (1) |
|
Viscosity versus temperature |
|
|
1301 | (1) |
|
Specific gravity versus temperature |
|
|
1302 | (1) |
|
Relationship between specific gravity and API degrees |
|
|
1303 | (2) |
|
Flow pressure drop for gas streams |
|
|
1305 | (2) |
|
Relationship of chords, diameters, and areas |
|
|
1307 | (1) |
|
A selection of crude oil assays |
|
|
1308 | (22) |
|
|
|
1330 | (2) |
|
An example of an exercise using linear programming |
|
|
1332 | (17) |
|
Linear programming aids decisions on refinery configurations |
|
|
1333 | (16) |
| Alphabetic index |
|
1349 | |