Preface |
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xiii | |
SECTION 1: Background |
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1 Classifying Human Biological Diversity: A Brief History |
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3 | (19) |
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The Beginnings of Western Classification Systems |
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3 | (1) |
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Classifying the Diversity |
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4 | (3) |
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A Shift in Racial Classifications |
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7 | (2) |
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9 | (2) |
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More Measuring of Skulls and the Ideal Type |
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11 | (1) |
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11 | (1) |
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Mendelian Genetics Enters the Game |
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12 | (1) |
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Questioning the Usefulness of the Race Concept |
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13 | (1) |
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A Genetic Definition of Race |
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14 | (4) |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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20 | (1) |
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21 | (1) |
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2 The Genetic Basis of Human Variation |
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22 | (25) |
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A Minimalist View of the Requirements for Inheritance via DNA |
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22 | (2) |
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Mitosis Produces Identical Nuclear DNA in Daughter Cells |
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23 | (1) |
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Meiosis Produces Haploid Daughter Cells |
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23 | (1) |
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24 | (2) |
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The Processes of Cell Division |
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26 | (5) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (2) |
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31 | (5) |
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The Molecular Composition of DNA |
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31 | (1) |
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31 | (2) |
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33 | (1) |
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34 | (2) |
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From Genotype to Phenotype |
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36 | (3) |
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38 | (1) |
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39 | (2) |
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39 | (1) |
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39 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Translocations and Nondisjunctions |
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40 | (1) |
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40 | (1) |
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Basic Transmission Genetics: The Mendelian Laws |
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41 | (2) |
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Mendel's First Law: Segregation of Alleles |
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41 | (1) |
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Mendel's Second Law: Independent Assortment of Alleles |
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42 | (1) |
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43 | (2) |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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45 | (1) |
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46 | (1) |
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3 Population Genetics and Human Variation |
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47 | (42) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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48 | (7) |
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Gene (Allele) Frequencies |
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49 | (1) |
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Expected Genotype Frequencies |
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49 | (4) |
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What Is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium, and Why Is It Important? |
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53 | (1) |
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How Can We Tell If a Population Is in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium? |
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54 | (1) |
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Departures from Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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55 | (9) |
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Multiple-Locus Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium |
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55 | (4) |
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59 | (2) |
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61 | (3) |
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64 | (20) |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (7) |
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72 | (9) |
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81 | (1) |
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82 | (2) |
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84 | (1) |
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85 | (4) |
SECTION 2: Variation in Genes, Simple Genetic Traits, and DNA Markers |
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4 Blood Group Polymorphisms |
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89 | (29) |
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Genetic Polymorphisms in the Blood |
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89 | (3) |
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ABO, Secretor (FUT2), Hh (FUT1), and Lewis (FUT3) Systems |
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92 | (4) |
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The ABO Blood Group System |
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92 | (1) |
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93 | (1) |
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94 | (1) |
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94 | (2) |
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Geographical Distribution and Natural Selection of the ABO Histo-Blood Group System |
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96 | (8) |
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101 | (1) |
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Syphilis (Treponemal Diseases) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (1) |
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101 | (2) |
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Escherichia coli and Infectious Diarrhea |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Other Possible Selective Factors and the ABO System |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (4) |
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The Rh System and Selection |
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107 | (1) |
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The MNSs Blood Group System |
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108 | (4) |
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The Duffy Blood Group System |
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112 | (1) |
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The Lutheran Blood Group System |
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113 | (1) |
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114 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (2) |
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5 Plasma Proteins and Red Cell Enzymes |
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118 | (23) |
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Detection of Genetic Polymorphisms |
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118 | (2) |
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120 | (2) |
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122 | (9) |
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Haptoglobin (&alpah;-globulins) |
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123 | (2) |
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125 | (2) |
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Group-Specific Component or Vitamin D–Binding Protein |
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127 | (1) |
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Pseudocholinesterase (Butyrylcholinesterase and Cholinesterase) |
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127 | (2) |
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Immunoglobulins (Gm-Am and Km) |
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129 | (1) |
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Apolipoproteins, β-Lipoproteins, and Β2-Glycoproteins |
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129 | (2) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (1) |
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131 | (4) |
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Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase |
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131 | (4) |
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Other Enzyme Systems of Anthropological Interest |
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135 | (1) |
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Exploring Population Structure with Classical Markers |
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135 | (5) |
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Example 1: The Irish Travelers or Tinkers |
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136 | (1) |
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Example 2: The Origins of Indo-Europeans |
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136 | (4) |
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140 | (1) |
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140 | (1) |
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6 Human Hemoglobin Variants |
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141 | (25) |
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Beginnings of Hemoglobin Research |
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141 | (1) |
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The Hemoglobin Molecule and Hemoglobin Genes |
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141 | (2) |
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143 | (2) |
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The Geographic Distribution of the Sickle Cell Allele |
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145 | (4) |
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How Resistance to Falciparum Malaria Works |
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148 | (1) |
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The Possibility of Differential Fertility |
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149 | (1) |
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Origin of the Sickle Cell Allele |
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149 | (5) |
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149 | (2) |
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151 | (3) |
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154 | (2) |
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154 | (1) |
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155 | (1) |
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Other Hemoglobinopathies of Anthropological Interest |
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156 | (1) |
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156 | (4) |
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156 | (3) |
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159 | (1) |
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160 | (3) |
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The Thalassemias and Natural Selection |
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163 | (1) |
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164 | (1) |
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165 | (1) |
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7 Human Leukocyte Antigen and Some Polymorphisms of Anthropological Interest |
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166 | (23) |
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The Major Histocompatibility Complex |
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166 | (1) |
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Location and Organization of the MHC |
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167 | (3) |
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170 | (1) |
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HLA and Disease Associations |
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170 | (2) |
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HLA and Population Diversity |
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172 | (5) |
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Lactase Restriction and Persistence |
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177 | (4) |
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Taste: Phenylthiocarbamide (6-n-Propylthiouracil) |
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181 | (4) |
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Variation in Ear Wax or Cerumen |
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185 | (2) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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189 | (42) |
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Molecular Genetic Techniques and DNA Variation |
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189 | (23) |
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Polymerase Chain Reaction |
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189 | (3) |
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Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms |
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192 | (2) |
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194 | (2) |
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Interspersed Nuclear Elements: SINEs and LINEs |
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196 | (2) |
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198 | (11) |
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209 | (3) |
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Two DNA Vignettes from Across the Globe |
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212 | (8) |
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Human Colonization of Oceania: "Express Trains," "Slow Boats," "Entangled Banks," and Embittered Battles |
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214 | (3) |
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The Cohen Modal Haplotype and the Diaspora |
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217 | (3) |
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How Many Races Are Documented in Our DNA? |
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220 | (1) |
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DNA Markers and Individual Variation |
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221 | (4) |
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Thomas Jefferson and the Descendants of Sally Hemings |
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222 | (3) |
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Who Is Buried in Jesse James's Grave? |
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225 | (1) |
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225 | (1) |
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226 | (5) |
SECTION 3: Variation in Complex Traits |
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231 | (20) |
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The Mendelian Basis for Quantitative Trait Variation |
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231 | (5) |
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Components of Variation for a Quantitative Trait |
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235 | (1) |
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Estimation of Narrow Sense Heritability |
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236 | (6) |
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Narrow Sense Heritability of the Cephalic Index |
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242 | (5) |
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Multiple Quantitative Traits |
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247 | (1) |
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Evolution and Quantitative Traits |
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248 | (2) |
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248 | (1) |
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248 | (1) |
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Genetic Drift and Migration |
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249 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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250 | (1) |
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10 Anthropometric Variation |
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251 | (29) |
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251 | (7) |
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251 | (3) |
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254 | (1) |
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255 | (3) |
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Variation Within Populations |
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258 | (12) |
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259 | (1) |
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259 | (8) |
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267 | (1) |
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267 | (3) |
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270 | (8) |
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Correlations with Climate |
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270 | (6) |
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276 | (2) |
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278 | (1) |
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279 | (1) |
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280 | (23) |
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280 | (9) |
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The Biology of Skin Color |
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280 | (6) |
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Variation in Human Skin Color |
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286 | (3) |
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The Evolution of Human Skin Color |
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289 | (6) |
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289 | (3) |
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292 | (3) |
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Other Aspects of Human Pigmentation |
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295 | (3) |
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296 | (1) |
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297 | (1) |
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298 | (1) |
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299 | (4) |
SECTION 4: Population Studies and Human Behaviors |
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12 Population Structure and Population History |
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303 | (29) |
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303 | (7) |
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Computing Genetic Distance |
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304 | (2) |
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The Representation of Genetic Distance |
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306 | (4) |
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310 | (6) |
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Factors Affecting Population Structure |
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310 | (3) |
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Case Study: The Ă…land Islands |
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313 | (3) |
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Case Studies in Population History |
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316 | (9) |
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The Origin of Native Americans |
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317 | (3) |
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Admixture in African Americans |
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320 | (3) |
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The Population History of Ireland |
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323 | (2) |
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Global Genetic Diversity and the Evolution of the Human Species |
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325 | (6) |
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325 | (1) |
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Patterns of Genetic Diversity |
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326 | (4) |
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330 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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331 | (1) |
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13 Genetics, Behavior, and Human Variation |
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332 | (20) |
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Human Behavioral Genetics |
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332 | (2) |
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Genetics, Environment, and Behavior |
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333 | (1) |
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Methods of Behavioral Genetics |
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333 | (1) |
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Case Studies in Behavioral Genetics |
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334 | (18) |
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334 | (2) |
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336 | (5) |
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341 | (9) |
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350 | (1) |
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351 | (1) |
Glossary |
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352 | (13) |
References |
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365 | (34) |
Index |
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399 | |