
Metabolism and Function of Bioactive Ether Lipids in the Brain
by Farooqui, Akhlaq A.; Farooqui, Tahira; Horrocks, Lloyd A.Rent Textbook
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Summary
Table of Contents
Occurrence and Importance of Ether Lipids in Brain | p. 1 |
Introduction | p. 1 |
Classification of Ether Lipids Found in Brain | p. 2 |
Physicochemical Properties of Ether Lipids | p. 3 |
Fecapentaenes: The Novel Plasmalogens | p. 4 |
Other Ether Lipids Found in Mammalian Tissues | p. 6 |
Lipid Metabolism in Ether Lipid-Deficient Mice | p. 10 |
Conclusion | p. 12 |
References | p. 13 |
Biosynthesis of Plasmalogens in Brain | p. 17 |
General Considerations and Distribution of Plasmalogens in Brain | p. 17 |
Biosynthesis of Plasmalogens | p. 18 |
Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Acyltransferase | p. 20 |
Alkyl Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Synthase | p. 23 |
Acyl/alkyl Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate Reductase | p. 25 |
Alkylglycerophosphate Acyltransferase | p. 26 |
Alkylacyl Glycerophosphate Phosphohydrolase | p. 26 |
CDP-Ethanolamine: Diacylglycerol Ethanolaminephosphotransferase | p. 27 |
Plasmalogen Synthesizing Enzymes During Brain Development | p. 28 |
Topology and Distribution of Plasmalogens and Enzymes Synthesizing Plasmalogens | p. 29 |
Plasmalogens in Lipid Rafts | p. 30 |
Plasmalogens in the Nucleus | p. 30 |
Factors Affecting Plasmalogen Biosynthesis in Brain | p. 31 |
Conclusion | p. 32 |
References | p. 33 |
Catabolism of Plasmalogens in Brain | p. 39 |
Introduction | p. 39 |
Plasmalogen-Selective Phospholipase A2 (PlsEtn-PLA2) | p. 39 |
Receptor-Mediated Degradation of Plasmalogens | p. 44 |
Regulation of PlsEtn-PLA2 | p. 48 |
Turnover of Plasmalogen in Brain | p. 49 |
Remodeling of Plasmalogens (Reacylation/Deacylation Reactions) | p. 50 |
Degradation of Plasmalogens by Phospholipase C | p. 51 |
Nonenzymic Oxidation of Plasmalogens in Brain | p. 51 |
Plasmalogen-Derived Lipid Mediators and Their Importance in Brain | p. 54 |
Lysoplasmalogens in Brain | p. 58 |
Conclusion | p. 59 |
References | p. 59 |
Assay and Purification of Plasmalogen-Selective Phospholipase A2 and Lysoplasmalogenase Activities | p. 67 |
Introduction | p. 67 |
Determination of PlsEtn and PlsCho-PLA2 by Radiochemical Procedures | p. 68 |
Preparation of Radiolabled [3H] Plasmenylcholine (Choline Plasmalogen) | p. 68 |
Labeling of Lysoplasmenylcholine at the Sn-2 Position | p. 70 |
Determination of PlsCho-PLA2 Activity | p. 70 |
Determination of PlsEtn-PLA2 by Fluorometric Assay | p. 71 |
Purification of Ethanolamine Plasmalogen | p. 72 |
Labeling of Ethanolamine Plasmalogen with Pyrenesulfonyl Chloride | p. 72 |
Determination of PlsEtn-PLA2 Activity with Pyrene-Labeled Plasmalogen | p. 73 |
Continuous Spectrophotometric Determination of PlsEtn-PLA2 | p. 74 |
Determination of Lysoplasmalogenase | p. 74 |
Continuous Spectrophotometric Procedure for Lysoplasmalogenase | p. 75 |
Continuous Spectrofluorometric Procedure for Lysoplasmalogenase | p. 76 |
Activities of Plasmalogen-Selective PLA2 in Brains of Various Animal Species and Cultured Cells of Neuronal and Glial Origin | p. 78 |
Determination of Lysoplasmalogenase Activity in Rat Liver and Brain Microsomes | p. 78 |
Purification of Plasmalogen-Selective PLA2 from Brain | p. 80 |
Purification of Lysoplasmalogenase from Liver | p. 80 |
Conclusion | p. 81 |
References | p. 81 |
Roles of Plasmalogens in Brain | p. 85 |
Introduction | p. 85 |
Roles of Plasmalogens in Brain | p. 85 |
Plasmalogens as Neural Membrane Components | p. 85 |
Plasmalogens as a Storage Depot for Second Messengers and Lipid Mediators | p. 86 |
Plasmalogens in Regulation of Enzymic Activities | p. 91 |
Plasmalogens in Membrane Fusion | p. 91 |
Plasmalogens in Ion Transport | p. 92 |
Plasmalogens in High-Density Lipoprotein | p. 93 |
Plasmalogens, Cholesterol Oxidation, Efflux and Atherosclerosis | p. 93 |
Plasmalogens and Their Antioxidant Activity | p. 94 |
Plasmalogens and Generation of Long-Chain Aldehydes | p. 97 |
Plasmalogens in Differentiation | p. 97 |
Plasmalogens in the Ocular Development | p. 98 |
Plasmalogens as Precursors for the Platelet-Activating Factor | p. 98 |
Conclusion | p. 99 |
References | p. 99 |
Involvement of Plasmalogens in Neurological Disorders | p. 107 |
Introduction | p. 107 |
Plasmalogens in Neurological Disorders | p. 108 |
Plasmalogens in Ischemic Injury | p. 110 |
Plasmalogens in Alzheimer Disease | p. 111 |
Plasmalogens in Spinal Cord Injury | p. 114 |
Plasmalogens in Peroxisomal Disorders | p. 115 |
Plasmalogens in Sjogren-Larsson Syndrome | p. 118 |
Plasmalogens in Malnutrition | p. 119 |
Plasmalogens in Fetal Alcohol Syndrome | p. 119 |
Plasmalogens in Diabetic Heart | p. 119 |
Plasmalogens in Other Neurological Disorders | p. 120 |
Plasmalogens in Uremic Patients | p. 120 |
Plasmalogens in Myelin-Deficient Mutant Mice | p. 121 |
Conclusion | p. 121 |
References | p. 122 |
Synthesis of Platelet-Activating Factor in Brain | p. 129 |
Introduction | p. 129 |
Biosynthesis of PAF | p. 130 |
Remodeling Pathway (Deacylation/Reacylation Pathway) | p. 130 |
Cytosolic Phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) | p. 131 |
Acetyl-CoA/Lyso-PAF Acetyltransferase | p. 133 |
CoA-Independent Transacetylase | p. 135 |
De Novo Synthesis of PAF | p. 137 |
1-Alkyl-2-lyso-OT-grycero-3-phosphate (Alkyllyso-GP)/Acetyl-CoA Acetyltransferase | p. 138 |
1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-OT-grycero-3-phosphate Phosphohydrolase | p. 140 |
1-Alkyl-2-acetyl-OT-glycerol/CDP-choline Phosphotransferase | p. 140 |
Oxidative Fragmentation Pathway for PAF Synthesis | p. 142 |
Regulation of PAF Synthesis | p. 143 |
Conclusion | p. 145 |
References | p. 146 |
Degradation of Platelet-Activating Factor in Brain | p. 151 |
Introduction | p. 151 |
PAF-Acetyl Hydrolases in Brain and Plasma | p. 152 |
Purification and Properties of PAF-Acetyl Hydrolases | p. 153 |
Types I PAF-Acetyl Hydrolases in Mammalian Tissues | p. 154 |
Types II PAF-Acetyl Hydrolases in Mammalian Tissues | p. 155 |
PAF-Acetyl Hydrolases in Mammalian Plasma | p. 156 |
Other PAF-Acetyl Hydrolases | p. 158 |
Regulation and Roles of PAF-Acetyl Hydrolases in Brain | p. 159 |
PAF Hydrolyzing Phospholipase C | p. 164 |
Other PAF Hydrolyzing Lipases | p. 165 |
Conclusion | p. 166 |
References | p. 166 |
Roles of Platelet-Activating Factor in Brain | p. 171 |
Introduction | p. 171 |
PAF Receptors in Brain | p. 174 |
Translocation of PAF from Synthetic Site to Cell Surface Receptors | p. 175 |
PAF-Receptor-Mediated Signal Transduction | p. 176 |
Roles of PAF in brain | p. 179 |
PAF in Gene Expression | p. 179 |
PAF in Neural Cell Migration | p. 182 |
PAF in Long-Term Potentiation | p. 183 |
PAF in Glutamate-Mediated Neurotoxicity | p. 184 |
PAF and Calcium Influx | p. 186 |
PAF in Neuroinflammation | p. 186 |
PAF in Cerebral Blood Flow and Blood-Brain Barrier Permeability | p. 187 |
PAF in Apoptosis | p. 188 |
PAF in Noniception | p. 189 |
PAF in Immune Response | p. 190 |
Conclusion | p. 190 |
References | p. 191 |
Involvement of Platelet-Activating Factor in Neurological Disorders | p. 197 |
Introduction | p. 197 |
Involvement of Platelet-Activating Factor in Neurological Disorders | p. 198 |
PAF in Ischemia | p. 199 |
PAF in Head Injury and Spinal Cord Trauma | p. 200 |
PAF in Meningitis | p. 201 |
PAF in HIV Infection | p. 202 |
PAF in Prion Diseases | p. 203 |
PAF in Multiple Sclerosis | p. 204 |
PAF in Miller-Dieker Lissencephaly | p. 204 |
PAF in Migraine Attacks | p. 205 |
PAF in Kainic-Acid-Mediated Neurodegeneration | p. 205 |
Involvement of PAF in Nonneural Injuries | p. 206 |
Consequences of Altered PAF Acetyl Hydrolase in Cardiovascular System | p. 207 |
Molecular Mechanism of PAF-Mediated Neural Injury | p. 208 |
Clinical Application of PAF Antagonists for the Treatment of Neurological Disorders | p. 210 |
Conclusion | p. 211 |
References | p. 211 |
Biochemical Effects of Nonphysiological Antitumor Ether Lipids | p. 219 |
Introduction | p. 219 |
Effect of AEL on Enzymes Involved in Signal Transduction | p. 222 |
Effects of AEL on Phospholipases A2, C, and D | p. 223 |
Effects of AEL on Protein and Lipid Kinases | p. 224 |
Effect of AEL on Cellular Receptors | p. 228 |
Other Effects of AEL on Cellular Metabolism | p. 230 |
Molecular Mechanism and Site of Action of AEL | p. 231 |
Conclusion | p. 232 |
References | p. 232 |
Perspective and Directions for Future Developments on Ether Lipids | p. 237 |
Introduction | p. 237 |
Interactions Among Glycerophospholipid, Sphingolipid, and Cholesterol-Derived Lipid Mediators | p. 239 |
Interactions Between Ether Lipid and Sphingolipid-Derived Lipid Mediators | p. 240 |
Interactions Between Sphingolipid and Cholesterol-Derived Lipid Mediators | p. 243 |
Use of Lipidomics, Proteomics, and Genomics for Characterization of Enzymes, Lipid Mediators, and Signal Transduction Process in Normal and Diseased Brain Tissues | p. 244 |
Use of RNAi for the Treatment of Ether Lipid-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases | p. 246 |
Conclusion | p. 248 |
References | p. 248 |
Index | p. 253 |
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