Neuroscience for Rehabilitation,9780397554652

Neuroscience for Rehabilitation

by
Edition: 2nd
ISBN13: 9780397554652
ISBN10: 0397554656
Format: Paperback
Pub. Date: 1998-11-20
Publisher(s): LWW
List Price: $85.99

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Summary

The second edition of this introductory text uses clinical examples to bridge the gap between basic neuroscience and the practice of neurologic rehabilitation. Each chapter illustrates the relationship between the nervous system and behavior. Current, portable, and clearly written, the text covers discrete systems for acquiring information, the neural mechanisms that control specific kinds of human function, and how the nervous system responds to insult and injury. New in this edition: Neurotransmitters, support structures and blood supply, sensorimotor interaction, and aging of the nervous system.

Table of Contents

section one BASIC PROCESSES 1(76)
1 Introduction: Getting the Brain in Mind
1(10)
HELEN COHEN, EdD, OTR, FAOTA
A Brief History of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation
2(1)
Prehistory
2(1)
Brief Sketch of Neuroscience History
2(1)
Organizational Principles
3(5)
Structural and Functional Relationships
3(1)
Functional Principles
3(3)
Structural Principles
6(2)
Clinical Correlations
8(3)
2 Gross Anatomy
11(18)
HELEN COHEN, EdD, OTR, FAOTA
Directions
11(1)
Central Nervous System
12(13)
The Spinal Cord
12(4)
The Brain
16(9)
Support Systems
25(1)
Clinical Correlations
26(3)
3 Fundamental Elements of the Nervous System 1: The Neuron
29(20)
DAVID L. SOMERS, PhD, PT
F. RICHARD CLEMENTE, PhD, PT
Overview of a Prototypical Neuron
29(3)
Classification of Neurons
32(1)
Synaptic Neurotransmission
32(13)
Electrochemical Properties of Dendrites and the Soma
33(2)
Postsynaptic Responses to Synaptic Neurotransmission
35(1)
Integration of Postsynaptic Responses to Neurotransmission
36(1)
Development of an Action Potential
36(4)
Propagation of the Action Potential
40(2)
The Axon Terminal and Release of Neurotransmitters
42(3)
Termination of Synaptic Communication
45(1)
Nonsynaptic Neurotransmission
45(1)
Clinical Correlations
46(3)
4 Fundamental Elements of the Nervous System 2: Neurotransmitters
49(14)
WILLIAM F. SEWELL, PhD
What Is a Neurotransmitter?
49(1)
How Do Neurotransmitters Work?
50(1)
Many Different Neurotransmitter Chemicals
50(3)
Fast Neurotransmitters
50(3)
Neuropeptides
53(1)
Nontraditional Neurotransmitters
53(1)
Storage and Release of Neurotransmitters
53(1)
Neurotransmitter Receptors
53(1)
Ionotropic Receptors
53(1)
G-Protein-Coupled Receptors
54(1)
Individual Fast Neurotransmitters
54(6)
Acetylcholine
54(1)
Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid
55(2)
Glycine
57(1)
Catecholamines (Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, and Dopamine)
57(1)
Excitatory Amino Acids
58(2)
Miscellaneous
60(1)
Neuropeptides
60(1)
Clinical Correlations
60(3)
5 Fundamental Elements of the Nervous System 3: Circulation and Nonneural Cells
63(14)
SHEILA A. MUN-BRYCE, PhD, OTR/L
Circulatory Systems of the Central Nervous System
64(7)
Blood Supply of the Nervous System
64(3)
Cerebrospinal Fluid Circulation
67(1)
The Blood-Brain Barrier
68(3)
Neuroglia
71(3)
Astrocytes
71(1)
Oligodendrocytes and Schwann Cells
72(2)
Microglia
74(1)
Clinical Correlations
74(3)
section two SENSORY SYSTEMS 77(132)
6 Somatic Senses 1: The Anterolateral System
77(16)
S. ESSIE JACOBS, PhD, OTR
DEBORAH L. LOWE, PhD
Sensory Receptors for the Anterolateral System
78(1)
Thermoreceptors
78(1)
Nociceptors
78(1)
Primary Afferent (or First-order) Neurons
78(4)
Termination of Primary Afferent Fibers in the Dorsal Horn of the Spinal Cord
79(2)
Gate Control Theory of Pain
81(1)
Clinical Correlations
82(1)
Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation
82(1)
Referred Pain
83(1)
Anterolateral System Pathways
83(4)
The Spinothalamic Tract
83(3)
The Spinoreticular Tract
86(1)
Damage to the Anterolateral Pathway
87(1)
The Trigeminal Pathways
87(1)
Clinical Correlations: Thalamic Pain Syndrome
88(1)
Cerebral Cortex
88(2)
Primary and Secondary Somatosensory Cortex
88(1)
Descending Pathways Involved in Pain Modulation
88(2)
Clinical Correlations
90(3)
Pain Perception
90(1)
Phantom Limbs
90(3)
7 Somatic Senses 2: Discriminative Touch
93(18)
SHARON L. JULIANO, OTR, PhD
DEBRA F. MCLAUGHLIN, PhD
Peripheral Receptors, Nerves, and Their Physiology
94(6)
Mechanoreceptors and Afferent Fibers
94(4)
Discriminatory Touch as a Function of Receptor Specialization
98(1)
Deficits in Sensory Processing
99(1)
Organization of the Dorsal Columns in the Spinal Cord
100(7)
Precision of Topography in the Spinal Pathway, Dermatomal Distribution
101(1)
Path to the Somatosensory Cortex
101(3)
Trigeminal Component
104(1)
Other Components of the Dorsal Column System
104(2)
Functions of the Dorsal Column Pathway
106(1)
Clinical Correlations
107(1)
Cortical Functions Associated With Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscal Input
107(4)
Anatomy and Function of Primary Somatosensory Cortex
107(2)
Topography in the Primary Somatosensory Cortex
109(2)
8 Somatic Senses 3: Proprioception
111(20)
LYNETTE A. JONES, PhD
Muscle Receptors
111(3)
Cortical Projections
114(3)
Sensory Basis of Proprioception
117(4)
Muscle Receptors
117(2)
Joint and Cutaneous Receptors
119(2)
Perception of Limb Position and Movement
121(2)
Perception of Force
123(3)
Clinical Correlations
126(2)
Phantom Limb Illusions
126(1)
Deafferentation
127(1)
Conclusions
128(3)
9 Special Senses 1: The Auditory System
131(18)
SUSAN E. SHORE, PhD
The Physical Stimulus
131(3)
Sound
131(1)
Impedance
132(2)
Structure and Function of the Ear
134(8)
Outer Ear
134(1)
Middle Ear
135(1)
Inner Ear
135(5)
Auditory Nerve
140(2)
Central Pathways
142(7)
Brainstem Pathways
142(3)
Inferior Colliculus
145(1)
Auditory Cortex
146(3)
10 Special Senses 2: The Vestibular System
149(20)
HELEN COHEN, EdD, OTR, FAOTA
Peripheral Structures
149(6)
Gross Anatomy
149(5)
Hair Cells
154(1)
Functional Principles
155(1)
Central Pathways
155(10)
Vestibular Nuclei and Cerebellum
156(2)
Descending Projections
158(1)
Ascending Projections
158(7)
Clinical Correlations
165(4)
11 Special Senses 3: The Visual System
169(26)
CHARLES R. FOX, OD, PhD
Peripheral Visual System
170(6)
External Structures
170(1)
The Lacrimal System
171(1)
The Globe
171(5)
The Visual Pathway
176(9)
The Visual Field
176(1)
Central Visual Pathways
176(3)
Visual Cortex
179(5)
Functional Organization
184(1)
Control of Eye Movements
185(6)
The Extraocular Muscles
185(2)
Neural Control of Eye Movements
187(4)
Clinical Correlations
191(2)
Oculomotor Abnormalities
191(1)
Insults to the Visual Pathway
192(1)
Conclusions
193(2)
12 Special Senses 4: The Chemical Senses
195(14)
MARION E. FRANK, PhD
JANNEANE F. GENT, PhD
The Gustatory System
196(4)
Taste Receptors
196(1)
Taste Stimulus Transduction
196(1)
Taste Nerves
197(1)
Coding in Primary Taste Afferent Neurons
198(1)
Central Pathways for Taste
198(2)
Behaviors Mediated by the Gustatory System
200(1)
Clinical Correlations
200(1)
The Olfactory System
200(4)
The Olfactory Receptor Mucosa
200(1)
Olfactory Stimulus Transduction
201(1)
The Olfactory Nerve
202(1)
The Olfactory Bulb
203(1)
Higher Olfactory Pathways
204(1)
Clinical Correlations
204(1)
Common Chemical Sense
204(2)
Conclusions
206(3)
section three MOTOR SYSTEMS 209(94)
13 Motor 1: Lower Centers
209(34)
MEENAKSHI B. IYER, PhD, OTR/L
ANDREW R. MITZ, PhD
CAROLEE WINSTEIN, PT, PhD
Organization of the Neural Substrates Responsible for Movement
210(4)
Models Of Neural Control: Open-Loop and Closed-Loop Control
211(2)
Problems of Moving
213(1)
Peripheral Motor System and Motor Control
214(12)
Skeletal Muscle: Structure and Function of the Contractile Unit
214(3)
Skeletal Muscle: Excitation of Muscle Fibers
217(1)
Skeletal Muscle: Mechanical Properties
218(2)
Skeletal Muscle: The Functional Unit
220(2)
Sensory Organs of the Muscle
222(3)
Clinical Correlations
225(1)
Spinal Mechanisms and Motor Control
226(8)
General Anatomy
226(1)
Spinal Reflex Mechanisms
227(7)
Brainstem and Motor Control
234(9)
Relationship to Spinal Motor Control
234(1)
Reticular Formation
235(2)
Cranial Motor Nerves
237(1)
Red Nucleus
238(1)
Thalamus
238(1)
Clinical Correlations
239(4)
14 Motor 2: Higher Centers
243(34)
LINDA L. PORTER, PT, PhD
The Motor Cortex
244(11)
Historical Perspectives
244(1)
Structural Organization of the Motor Cortex
245(5)
Functional Organization of the Motor Cortex
250(3)
Clinical Correlations
253(1)
Plasticity of the Motor Cortex
254(1)
The Basal Ganglia
255(6)
Historical Perspectives
255(1)
Structural Organization of the Basal Ganglia
255(4)
Functions of the Basal Ganglia
259(1)
Clinical Correlations
260(1)
The Cerebellum
261(8)
Historical Perspectives
261(1)
Structural Organization of the Cerebellum
262(2)
Organization of the Cerebellar Projections
264(2)
Cerebellar Function
266(2)
Clinical Correlations
268(1)
Brainstem Motor Centers
269(4)
The Red Nucleus and the Rubrospinal Tract
269(1)
The Vestibular Nuclei and the Vestibulospinal Tracts
270(1)
The Medial Pontomedullary Reticular Formation and the Reticulospinal Projections
270(3)
Conclusions
273(4)
Evolution of the Human Motor System
273(1)
Parallel or Serial Processing in the Motor System
273(4)
15 Motor 3: The Autonomic Nervous System
277(26)
KIRK W. BARRON, PhD
ROBERT W. BLAIR, PhD
Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
278(6)
Autonomic Neurotransmission
281(1)
Criteria for Identification of Neurotransmitters
282(1)
Synaptic Neurotransmission
282(2)
Autonomic Receptors
284(3)
Adrenergic Receptors
284(3)
Cholinergic Receptors
287(1)
Physiology of the Autonomic Nervous System
287(5)
Important Concepts
287(1)
Autonomic Control of Organs
288(4)
Autonomic Reflexes
292(6)
General Concepts
292(1)
The Baroreceptor Reflex
292(1)
The Micturition Reflex
293(3)
The Erection Reflex
296(2)
Vestibular System Interactions With the Autonomic Nervous System
298(1)
Autonomic Denervation
298(1)
Clinical Correlations
299(4)
Horner's Syndrome
299(1)
Hypertension
299(1)
Postural Hypotension
300(1)
Diabetic Autonomic Neuropathy
300(1)
Autonomic Dysreflexia
301(2)
section four HIGHER COGNITIVE FUNCTIONS 303(66)
16 Neural Mechanisms of Normal Emotions
303(18)
ALLAN SIEGEL, PhD
JOSEPH W. CHEU, DO, PhD
Aggression, Emotions, and Rehabilitation Medicine
303(16)
Models of Aggression
304(1)
Neural Models of Aggressive Behavior
304(11)
Overview of Models of Stress
315(3)
Neural Correlates of an Animal Model of Depression
318(1)
Clinical Correlations
319(2)
17 Neural Mechanisms of Learning and Memory
321(28)
MARY FRANCES BAXTER, MA, OTR
DOUGLAS A. BAXTER, PhD
Definiions
322(1)
Learning
322(1)
Memory
322(1)
Different Types of Learning Paradigms
322(3)
Nonassociative Learning
322(1)
Associative Learning
323(2)
Memory Systems
325(1)
Definitions
325(1)
Evidence of Memory Systems
326(1)
Anatomic Loci
326(1)
Processes Contributing to Learning and Memory
326(15)
Cellular Bases of Nonassociative Learning
326(3)
Cellular Bases of Associative Learning
329(12)
Stages in Memory Storage
341(2)
Short-Term Memory
341(1)
Intermediate and Long-Term Memory
341(2)
General Principles
343(1)
Clinical Correlations
343(6)
Applying Associative Learning Paradigms to Recovery After Brain Injury
343(1)
Dementia and Alzheimer's Disease
343(6)
18 Neural Mechanisms of Language
349(20)
CHRISTIANA M. LEONARD, PhD
Language
350(1)
Language as a Specialized Form of Information Processing
350(1)
Functional Lateralization
350(2)
How Universal Is Left Hemisphere Dominance for Language?
351(1)
Neurobiologic Basis for Left Hemisphere Language Dominance
352(1)
Anatomic Location of Left Hemisphere Language Specializations
352(6)
Definition of Broca's and Wernicke's Areas
353(1)
Relation of Wernicke's Area to the Auditory Cortex
353(3)
Animal Experiments
356(2)
Language Localization
358(3)
The Geschwind-Wernicke Model
358(1)
Individual Differences
359(1)
Broca's Area and Language Generation
360(1)
Functions of Wernicke's Area
360(1)
Anatomic Asymmetry
361(4)
The Sylvian Fissure
361(1)
Geschwind and the Planum Temporale
361(1)
Language Lateralization and Planar Asymmetry
362(1)
Structural Correlates of Planar Asymmetry
363(1)
Planar Asymmetry and Language Disabilities
363(1)
Imaging Studies of Hemisphere Asymmetries
363(1)
Structural Imaging Studies of the Planum Temporale
364(1)
Asymmetry in Broca's Area
364(1)
Developmental Changes in Functional Localization
364(1)
For the Future
365(1)
Clinical Correlations
365(4)
section five THE LIFE SPAN 369(72)
19 Development of the Nervous System
369(32)
THERESE CABANA, PhD
Neurulation
370(5)
Formation of the Neural Tube and Neural Crest
370(3)
Defects of Neurulation
373(1)
Local Variations: Spinal Cord and Encephalic Vesicles
373(2)
Cell Proliferation
375(2)
The Germinal Zone: Dividing Cells
375(1)
The Intermediate Zone: Postmitotic Neuroblasts
375(1)
Cell Number and Its Controls
375(2)
Cell Migration and Aggregation
377(10)
Radial Glial Cells
377(1)
Types of Migration
377(1)
Proliferation and Migration in the Peripheral Nervous System
378(1)
Proliferation and Migration in the Spinal Cord
378(1)
Proliferation and Migration in the Brainstem
379(5)
Proliferation and Migration in the Diencephalon and Basal Forebrain
384(1)
Proliferation and Migration in Cortical Regions
385(2)
Defects of Proliferation and Migration
387(1)
Cell Aggregation
387(1)
Cell Differentiation
387(6)
Neuronal Polarity
387(1)
The Marginal Zone: Fiber Tracts
388(1)
Axonal Growth: The Growth Cone
389(1)
Control of Growth Cone Navigation
390(2)
Formation of Dendrites and Characteristic Shapes of Neurons
392(1)
Formation of Connections Between Axons and Targets
393(4)
Path Finding
393(2)
Defects of Path Finding
395(1)
Topography
395(1)
Synaptogenesis
396(1)
Choice of Neurotransmitters
396(1)
Stabilization of Connections and Regressive Events
397(1)
Rearrangement and Elimination
397(1)
Competition and Functional Validation
397(1)
Clinical Correlations
398(3)
20 Neural Mechanisms of Aging
401(18)
CECILIA M. FOX, PhD
ROBERT N. ALDER, MS, OTR
Normal Aging in the Nervous System
402(4)
Gross Anatomic Changes in the Nervous System Associated With Aging
402(1)
Cell Death and Age
403(2)
Neuronal Atrophy and Age
405(1)
Loss of White Matter and Age
406(1)
Cellular and Molecular Changes Associated With Aging
406(4)
Age-Related Changes in Neuronal Architecture and Neural Transmission
406(1)
Hypotheses of the Cellular and Molecular Bases of Aging
407(3)
Age-Related Diseases of the Nervous System
410(6)
Parkinson's Disease
411(3)
Alzheimer's Disease
414(2)
Conclusion
416(3)
21 Recovery of Function After Brain Damage
419(22)
JEAN M. HELD, EdD, PT
TIM PAY, PT
Definitions
419(1)
Theoretic Mechanisms Underlying Recovery
420(1)
Structural and Functional Responses to Damage
420(3)
Systemic Reaction to Damage
421(1)
Neuronal Response to Injury
421(2)
Factors Influencing the Potential for Sparing or Recovery
423(13)
The Nature of the Damage
423(2)
Age at the Time of Damage
425(2)
Differential Capacity for Recovery in Men and Women
427(1)
Experience
427(4)
Pharmacologic Interventions
431(2)
Neural Transplantation
433(3)
Clinical Correlations
436(5)
Recovery Is Possible
436(1)
Prognosis Varies
436(1)
The Role of Therapists
436(5)
Glossary 441(32)
Index 473

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