Nutrition in Public Health: Principles, Policies, and Practice

by Spark; Arlene

Edition: 1st

ISBN13: 9780849314735

ISBN10: 0849314739

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2007-05-11

Publisher(s): CRC Press

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Summary

Nutrition plays a key role in many areas of public health such as pre-term delivery, cancer, obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. Government nutrition policy, therefore, bears a huge influence on the nation's biggest health concerns. Nutrition in Public Health: Principles, Policies, and Practice integrates discussions of nutrition policy and health issues, an approach that could hold the key to the primary and secondary prevention of some of the major causes of premature death in the United States.

Nutrition in Public Health	p. 1
Public Health	p. 1
Core Functions and Essential Services	p. 1
Key Responsibilities	p. 2
Training in Public Health	p. 2
Nutrition in Public Health	p. 2
Nutrition in Community Health	p. 3
Public Health Nutrition	p. 3
Surveillance and Monitoring	p. 3
Assessment, Program Planning, and Evaluation	p. 4
Public Health Nutritionists	p. 4
Training Public Health Nutrition Professionals	p. 4
Community Nutrition	p. 6
Community Nutritionists	p. 7
Training Community Nutrition Professionals	p. 7
Government's Role in Nutrition in Public Health	p. 7
Federal Government	p. 7
The U.S. Constitution	p. 9
The Bill of Rights	p. 9
The Legislative Branch of the Federal Government	p. 11
The Executive Branch of the Federal Government	p. 11
The Judicial Branch of the Federal Government	p. 18
Nutrition in Public Health - The Book	p. 18
Nutrition in Public Health Online	p. 18
Distance Education and Electronic Enhancements for Traditional Instruction	p. 18
Conclusion	p. 19
Acronyms	p. 19
References	p. 20
Preventing Disease or Promoting Health?	p. 21
Introduction	p. 21
Toward a Definition of Health	p. 21
Brief Review of the History of Public Health	p. 22
Disease Prevention	p. 23
Current Health Behaviors of the U.S. Adult Population	p. 24
Disease Promotion	p. 25
History of Health Promotion	p. 26
Roles of Health Promotion	p. 26
Public Health Practitioners	p. 27
Health Promotion in Its Current Incarnation	p. 27
Toward Improved Health Promotion	p. 28
Examples of Health Promotion Activities	p. 28
Would a Health Promotion Model Neglect the Reality of Disease?	p. 29
Health Promotion Is Political	p. 30
Public Policy	p. 30
Health Promotion and Universal Healthcare	p. 31
Role of the Individual in Public Health	p. 31
A New Definition of Public Health's Role	p. 32
Conclusion	p. 32
Acronyms	p. 32
References	p. 33
The U.S. Population - Looking Forward from the Past	p. 35
Introduction	p. 35
Minority Populations, Immigration, and Migration	p. 35
Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965	p. 36
The U.S. Census Bureau	p. 36
Census Background	p. 36
Uses of the Census	p. 37
Population Profile of the U.S. in the 20th Century	p. 39
The 2000 Census	p. 39
Race and Ethnicity	p. 41
Gender	p. 46
Age	p. 49
American Community Survey	p. 53
Uses of ACS Responses	p. 57
Census Information Online	p. 58
U.S. Population Projections to 2050	p. 59
Disease Forecasting Based on Population Projections	p. 59
Case in Point: Diabetes	p. 59
Conclusion	p. 61
Acronyms	p. 61
References	p. 62
Nutritional Epidemiology	p. 63
Study Designs in Nutritional Epidemiology	p. 63
Uses of Descriptive Studies	p. 64
Prospective vs. Retrospective Studies	p. 64
Case Reports and Case Series	p. 65
Ecological or Correlational Studies	p. 65
Examples of Ecological Studies	p. 66
Ecological Fallacy	p. 66
Cross-Sectional or Prevalence Studies	p. 67
Case-Control Studies	p. 67
Examples of Case-Control Studies	p. 68
Cohort Studies	p. 68
Retrospective Cohort Studies	p. 69
Prospective Cohort Studies	p. 70
Meta-Analyses	p. 74
Controlled Trials	p. 75
Nonrandom Controlled Trials	p. 75
Randomized, Nonblind Clinical Trial	p. 80
Randomized Controlled Double-Blind Clinical Trials	p. 80
Dietary Assessment	p. 81
Observation	p. 81
Self-Report	p. 82
Diet Record (3-d, 7-d, etc.)	p. 82
24-H Recall	p. 82
Food Frequency Questionnaires and Checklists	p. 82
Biomarkers	p. 83
Improving Diet and Physical Activity Assessment Modalities	p. 83
Technical Support	p. 83
Conclusion	p. 85
Acronyms	p. 85
References	p. 86
Food and Nutrition Surveys for Monitoring the Public's Health	p. 91
National Center for Health Statistics	p. 93
Sociodemographic Data	p. 94
National Health Interview Survey (NHIS)	p. 94
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)	p. 95
Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System (YRBSS)	p. 97
Nutrition-Related Questions	p. 97
Selected Results of the YRBSS	p. 99
Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS)	p. 100
Pregnancy Nutrition Surveillance System (PNSS)	p. 101
Selected Results from PedNSS and PNSS	p. 101
Pregnancy Risk Assessment Monitoring System (PRAMS)	p. 102
Selected Results from PRAMS	p. 103
Other Databases	p. 103
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) Background	p. 103
NHANES Methodology	p. 104
NHANES Dietary Measures	p. 106
Food Surveys Research Group (FSRG)	p. 106
Continuing Survey of Food Intake of Individuals	p. 107
What We Eat in America	p. 107
Nutrition Monitoring Activities by the USDA	p. 108
Agricultural Research Service	p. 108
Nutrient Data Laboratory	p. 110
Nutrient Database for Standard Reference	p. 110
Nutritive Value of Foods, Home and Garden Bulletin 72	p. 110
Food and Nutrient Database for Dietary Studies (FNDDS)	p. 112
FoodLink and Pyramid Servings Database	p. 112
Community Nutrition Research Group (CNRG)	p. 113
Community Nutrition Mapping Project	p. 113
Coordinated Federal Nutrition Monitoring	p. 114
Conclusion	p. 115
Acronyms	p. 115
References	p. 116
Prevalence of Diet-Related Chronic Diseases: Disparities and Programs to Reduce Them	p. 119
The Leading Diet-Related Chronic Diseases	p. 119
Diet and Chronic Disease Prevention	p. 119
General Prevention Guidelines	p. 119
Department of Health and Human Services (HHS)	p. 122
Office of the Secretary	p. 123
Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (ODPHP)	p. 123
Office of Minority Health (OMH)	p. 123
National Institutes of Health (NIH)	p. 124
The National Center on Minority Health and Health Disparities (NCMHD)	p. 124
Office of Disease Prevention (ODP)	p. 124
CDC and REACH	p. 124
Division of Diabetes Translation (DDT)	p. 126
Division of Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention (DHDSP)	p. 130
Division of Cancer Prevention and Control (DCPC)	p. 130
Division of Nutrition and Physical Activity (DNPA)	p. 130
Overweight and Obesity	p. 131
Age	p. 131
Gender, Race, and Ethnicity	p. 131
Socioeconomic Status	p. 131
Diabetes	p. 131
Epidemiology	p. 131
Prevalence	p. 134
Cost	p. 134
Prediabetes	p. 135
Metabolic Syndrome	p. 135
End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)	p. 137
Treatment	p. 137
National Diabetes Education Program (NDEP)	p. 139
Diabetes in Children	p. 139
Diagnosis	p. 139
Prevalence	p. 140
SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth	p. 140
Metabolic Syndrome	p. 141
Etiology	p. 141
Epidemiology	p. 142
Prevention	p. 142
We Can!	p. 142
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)	p. 143
Heart Disease	p. 143
Prevention	p. 143
Hypertension	p. 145
Prevalence	p. 146
Prevention	p. 146
Population-Based Strategies	p. 148
Cancer	p. 149
Prevention	p. 149
Avoidance of Weight Gain	p. 150
Alcohol	p. 150
Fruits and Vegetables	p. 152
Conclusion	p. 152
Acronyms	p. 153
References	p. 153
Weight Control: Challenges and Solutions	p. 159
Defining Overweight and Obesity	p. 159
Prevalence	p. 159
Surveys	p. 160
National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)	p. 160
Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS)	p. 161
Racial and Ethnic Approaches to Community Health (REACH) 2010	p. 162
Children	p. 163
Prevalence among Children	p. 163
The Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System (PedNSS)	p. 166
The Impact on Public Health	p. 169
The Costs of Overweight and Obesity	p. 169
The Global Picture	p. 170
The Nutrition Transition and its Repercussions	p. 170
Environmental Determinants of Overweight and Obesity	p. 171
The Built Environment	p. 171
The Economic Environment	p. 175
U.S. Agricultural Policies	p. 175
Advertising	p. 176
Television Advertising Targeting Children	p. 176
Socioeconomic Status and Ethnicity	p. 177
Food Insecurity, Energy Density, and Weight	p. 178
The Food Environment	p. 179
Food Away from Home	p. 179
Portion Sizes	p. 179
Snacks	p. 180
School Food	p. 180
Obesity Prevention	p. 182
Dieting	p. 183
Proposed Obesity Prevention Policies	p. 184
Regulating Advertising to Children	p. 184
Labeling and Taxation	p. 186
School-Based Programs	p. 188
Private, Nonprofit Organizations	p. 189
Federal Programs	p. 189
Workplace Wellness Programs	p. 193
Conclusion	p. 193
Acronyms	p. 194
References	p. 194
Special Populations	p. 201
Introduction	p. 201
Lactating Mothers and Breastfed Infants	p. 201
Breastfeeding Trends	p. 201
Benefits of Breastfeeding	p. 202
Physiologic	p. 202
Nonphysiologic	p. 202
Breastfeeding Surveillance	p. 203
Ross Mother's Survey	p. 203
National Immunization Survey	p. 203
Sociodemographic Factors of Lactating Mothers	p. 205
Geographic Considerations	p. 205
Overcoming Barriers to Breastfeeding	p. 205
Social Support	p. 205
Education	p. 208
Maternity Care Practices	p. 208
Workplace Accommodations	p. 213
State Legislation	p. 213
Federal Policies and Initiatives to Support Breastfeeding	p. 214
HIV/AIDS	p. 221
Nutrition and HIV/AIDS	p. 221
Nutritional Problems and HIV/AIDS	p. 222
Inadequate Intake	p. 222
Altered Absorption	p. 222
Altered Nutrient Metabolism	p. 222
AIDS Wasting and Lipodystrophy	p. 222
Nutritional Care and HIV/AIDS	p. 223
Screening and Referral	p. 223
Medical Nutrition Therapy	p. 224
The Ryan White Comprehensive AIDS Resources Emergency (CARE) Act	p. 224
Community-Based Programs	p. 225
Prison Inmates	p. 226
Constitutional Right to Healthcare	p. 226
Correctional Health in Public Health	p. 226
Jails and Prisons	p. 227
Federal Detention	p. 227
State Detention	p. 227
Demographic Trends in Correctional Populations	p. 228
Race and Ethnicity	p. 228
Women	p. 228
The Aging Inmate Population	p. 228
Food Service in the Prison Systems	p. 228
In the Federal System	p. 228
In the State Systems	p. 229
Dietary Needs of Juvenile Offenders	p. 229
Nutrition-Related Chronic Diseases in Inmates	p. 230
The Dietitian's Role	p. 231
Dietary Guidelines	p. 232
Reentry	p. 233
Scenario	p. 234
Resources and Professional Affiliations	p. 234
Conclusion	p. 235
Acronyms	p. 235
References	p. 236
Cultural Competence	p. 241
What Is Cultural Competence?	p. 241
Why Is Cultural Competence Important?	p. 241
Current and Projected Demographic Changes in the U.S.	p. 242
Disparities in the Health Status of People of Diverse Backgrounds	p. 243
Literacy, Language, and Healthcare	p. 243
Age	p. 244
Quality of Services and Health Outcomes	p. 244
Legislative, Regulatory, and Accreditation Mandates	p. 244
Participation in Treatment Decisions	p. 246
Respect and Nondiscrimination	p. 247
Sexual Orientation	p. 247
Body Size	p. 247
Consumer Responsibilities	p. 248
Marketplace Factors	p. 248
Nutrition Staff Development	p. 248
Strategies for Nutritionists in Clinical Practice	p. 249
Low Literacy Nutrition Education Materials	p. 251
Foodways of the Major Ethnic/Racial Groups in the U.S.	p. 253
African Americans	p. 256
Teaching Implications	p. 256
Hispanics	p. 257
Mexican American	p. 257
Puerto Rican	p. 259
Cuban American	p. 259
Dominican American	p. 260
Asian Americans	p. 260
Vietnamese	p. 261
Hmong	p. 262
Conclusion	p. 263
Acronyms	p. 263
References	p. 264
Food and Nutrition Politics, Policy, and Legislation	p. 267
Making Policy	p. 268
Case Study: Developing a National Nutrition Policy	p. 269
Types of Food and Nutrition Policy	p. 270
The Dietary Guidelines for Americans	p. 270
The Healthy People Initiative	p. 271
Origins: 1979-1990	p. 275
Healthy People 2000	p. 275
Healthy People 2010	p. 276
Midcourse Review	p. 276
The President's Healthier US Initiative	p. 277
Steps to a Healthier US Initiative	p. 278
SmallStep.gov	p. 278
Federal Action Steps	p. 278
State and Local Action Steps	p. 279
HealthierUS School Challenge	p. 279
Local Wellness Policy	p. 281
Components of a Local Wellness Policy	p. 281
Assistance	p. 281
Team Nutrition	p. 283
Policy Regarding Food Allergies	p. 284
Policy Regarding Micronutrients	p. 285
Iodization of Salt	p. 285
Fortification of Milk with Vitamins D and A	p. 285
Enrichment and Fortification of Grain Products	p. 286
Water	p. 286
Policy Regarding Domestic Hunger	p. 287
First Half of the 20th Century	p. 287
Second Half of the 20th Century	p. 287
U.S. Farm Policy and Health	p. 290
Background	p. 291
Farm Subsidies	p. 292
Health Implications of Current U.S. Farm Policy	p. 292
Corn and Soy	p. 293
Produce	p. 293
Environmental Implications of Current U.S. Farm Policy	p. 294
Policy Changes	p. 294
Proposals for the Next U.S. Farm Bill	p. 296
Taking Action	p. 296
Case Study: Promoting the Child Nutrition Promotion and School Lunch Protection Act	p. 296
Conclusion	p. 298
Acronyms	p. 298
References	p. 299
Food and Nutrition Guidance	p. 303
History of Federal Food and Nutrition Guidance	p. 303
Food-Based Dietary Guidance - 1900s through the 1980s	p. 303
The Food Guide Pyramid, 1992-2005	p. 306
Nutrient-Based Guidance	p. 307
Dietary Goals for the United States, 1977	p. 308
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 1980-2004	p. 308
Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) and Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)	p. 312
Current Federal Food, Nutrition, and Lifestyle Guidance	p. 328
Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2005	p. 328
The Guidelines and Steps to a HealthierUS	p. 328
Dietary Advice	p. 331
The Revised Healthy Eating Index (HEI)	p. 332
Codex Alimentarius	p. 332
Authoritative Statements	p. 333
MyPyramid Food Guidance System, 2005	p. 333
Dissension and Controversy	p. 335
Disease Prevention Guidance from Federal and Voluntary Health Organizations	p. 339
Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)	p. 339
Hypertension	p. 340
Primary Prevention	p. 341
Diabetes	p. 342
Prediabetes	p. 343
Primary Prevention	p. 344
Cancer	p. 345
National Cancer Institute (NCI)	p. 345
American Institute for Cancer Research (AICR)	p. 346
Conclusion	p. 346
Acronyms	p. 347
References	p. 348
Food and Nutrition Assessment of the Community	p. 351
Community Assessment	p. 352
The Community Nutrition Assessment	p. 353
Local Nutrition Surveillance	p. 354
The Community Food Assessment	p. 354
Community Food Assessment Projects	p. 355
Food and Farming in Montana	p. 358
The Community Food Security Assessment	p. 358
Community Food Security Assessment in Sacramento	p. 359
Conducting an Assessment	p. 360
Organize a Team	p. 361
Define the Community and the Scope of the Assessment	p. 362
Data Collection	p. 362
General Community Characteristics	p. 363
Food Resource Availability, Accessibility, and Affordability	p. 366
Household Food Security	p. 366
Assessment of Food Production Resources	p. 370
Funding and Budgets	p. 370
Analyze and Present Data	p. 371
Implement Findings	p. 372
Geographic Information Systems	p. 373
Examples of GIS in Food and Nutrition Programs	p. 375
Conclusion	p. 376
Acronyms	p. 377
References	p. 377
Promoting Food Security	p. 379
Parsing "Food Security"	p. 379
Poverty in the U.S.	p. 380
Nutrition and Health Characteristics of Low-Income Populations	p. 382
Hunger and Food Insecurity in the U.S.	p. 382
Food-Insecure Households Spend Less for Food than Food-Secure Households	p. 385
Nutrition Assistance Programs	p. 388
Federal Food and Nutrition Programs	p. 388
Food and Nutrition Service (FNS)	p. 390
Nongovernment, Nonprofit Organizations	p. 423
Conclusion	p. 424
Acronyms	p. 424
References	p. 425
Social Marketing and Other Mass Communication Techniques	p. 431
Social Marketing	p. 431
What a Social Marketing Communications Program Can Do	p. 433
How Social Marketing Works	p. 434
Product (Social Proposition)	p. 436
Price (Cost)	p. 437
Place (Accessibility)	p. 437
Promotion (Communication)	p. 437
Publics (Target Audiences)	p. 438
Policy (Environmental Supports)	p. 438
Partnerships (Alliances)	p. 438
Purse Strings (Budget)	p. 439
The Social Marketing Campaign	p. 439
Plan the Approach	p. 439
Select Channels and Materials	p. 440
Develop and Pretest Materials and Methods	p. 441
Logic Models	p. 441
Implement the Program	p. 441
Evaluate the Program	p. 442
Refine the Program and Plan for Sustainability	p. 442
Ethics in Social Marketing	p. 442
Food and Nutrition Social Marketing Campaigns	p. 443
Campaigns to Prevent Overweight and Obesity	p. 443
Campaigns to Prevent Osteoporosis	p. 448
Campaigns to Prevent Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Cancer	p. 449
Campaigns to Prevent Foodborne Illness	p. 451
Campaigns to Promote Health through Nutrition	p. 457
Tailored Health Communication	p. 459
Acronyms	p. 460
References	p. 461
Food Safety and Defense	p. 467
Safety, Wholesomeness, and Labeling	p. 467
Federal Authority	p. 470
Legislation	p. 470
Food and Drug Administration (FDA)	p. 470
Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS)	p. 479
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)	p. 479
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)	p. 479
States and Territories	p. 479
Critique of the Food Safety Regulatory Apparatus	p. 480
Epidemiology	p. 481
Prevention	p. 482
Surveillance Systems	p. 482
FoodNet (CDC)	p. 483
PulseNet (CDC)	p. 483
Role of PulseNet in Outbreak Investigations	p. 484
Foodborne Outbreak Response and Surveillance Unit (CDC)	p. 485
Elexnet (FDA)	p. 485
National Antibiotic Resistance Monitoring System (FDA, CDC, and USDA)	p. 485
Additional Surveillance Systems	p. 485
Numbers of Outbreaks and Cases	p. 486
Emergency Management	p. 486
Stafford Act	p. 487
Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA)	p. 487
Bioterroism	p. 488
Industry Vulnerability	p. 490
Bioterrorism Act	p. 492
Homeland Security	p. 493
National Response Plan (NRP)	p. 493
Research and Development	p. 493
Preparing Leaders	p. 493
Disaster Response	p. 494
Food and Water	p. 494
Mass Care, Housing, and Human Services	p. 494
Public Health and Medical Services	p. 494
Role of Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) and USDA	p. 495
Organization	p. 496
Disaster Food Stamp Program	p. 497
Commodity Donations	p. 498
Public Nutrition	p. 498
Preparing the Public	p. 499
Food SAFE (Shelf Available for Emergencies)	p. 500
Conclusion	p. 500
Acronyms	p. 501
References	p. 501
Grants to Support Initiatives in Public Health Nutrition	p. 505
Funding Sources	p. 505
Programs in the Public Sector (Tax-Supported Programs)	p. 506
Health and Human Services	p. 507
United States Department of Agriculture	p. 513
The Private Sector	p. 516
Grant Application Mechanisms	p. 517
Grantmaker-Initiated Requests for Proposals	p. 517
Grantseeker-Initiated Requests for Proposals	p. 518
NIH RO1	p. 518
NIH RO3	p. 518
In-Kind Support	p. 519
Grant Applications	p. 524
Grantwriting	p. 526
Characteristics of the Successful Grant Application	p. 527
Parts of the Proposal	p. 527
Abstract or Executive Summary	p. 527
Introduction	p. 527
Statement of Need	p. 527
Goals and Objectives	p. 528
Methods	p. 528
Evaluation	p. 530
Future Funding	p. 530
Budget	p. 530
Appendices	p. 530
Small Awards	p. 535
Conclusion	p. 537
Acronyms	p. 537
References	p. 538
Index	p. 541
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Nutrition in Public Health: Principles, Policies, and Practice

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