| Chapter 1 Glass-Forming Melts |
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1 | (10) |
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1 | (1) |
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1.2 Purpose of This Chapter |
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1 | (1) |
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2 | (1) |
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1.2 Thermodynamic Description of Phases and Phase Transformation |
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2 | (1) |
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1.3 Conditions for Phase Stability and Phase Transformation |
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3 | (1) |
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1.4 Classification of Phase Transformations |
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3 | (1) |
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1.5 Phase Transformations in Glass-Forming Systems |
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3 | (2) |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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6 | (1) |
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1.9 Theory of Glass Formation |
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7 | (1) |
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7 | (1) |
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1.11 The Structure of Glass-Forming Melts |
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8 | (1) |
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1.12 The Properties of Glass-Forming Melts |
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8 | (1) |
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8 | (3) |
| Chapter 2 Thermodynamic Properties |
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11 | (16) |
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Kaj H. Karlsson and Rainer Backman |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (10) |
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2.3.1 Experimental Methods |
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14 | (1) |
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2.3.2 Polynomial Modeling |
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14 | (3) |
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16 | (1) |
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3.2.2 Extended Babcock Model |
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17 | (3) |
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2.3.3 Thermodynamic Modeling |
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20 | (9) |
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2.3.3.1 Quasichemical Binary System |
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21 | (1) |
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2.3.3.2 Extension to Ternary Systems |
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22 | (1) |
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23 | (2) |
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25 | (2) |
| Chapter 3 Redox Behavior and Electrochemical Behavior of Glass Melts |
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27 | (30) |
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27 | (2) |
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29 | (4) |
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3.2.1 Model: Ions in a Dielectric Continuum |
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29 | (1) |
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29 | (3) |
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3.2.3 Kinetics of Redox Reactions |
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32 | (1) |
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3.2.4 Diffusivity of Polyvalent Elements in Glass Melts |
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32 | (1) |
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3.3 Nomenclature, Definitions, Units |
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33 | (1) |
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3.4 Methods of Measurements |
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33 | (5) |
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3.4.1 Thermodynamic Measurements |
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33 | (4) |
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3.4.2 Measurement of Self Diffusion Coefficients |
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37 | (1) |
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3.4.3 Kinetic Measurements |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (14) |
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3.5.1 Effect of Experimental Parameters on the Redox Ratio |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5.1.1 Effect of the Oxygen Activity |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5.1.2 Effect of Temperature |
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38 | (1) |
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3.5.2 Occurrence of Redox Species and the Electrochemical Series in a Soda-Lime-Silica Glass Melt |
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38 | (2) |
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3.5.3 Effect of the Glass Composition on the Redox Ratio |
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40 | (7) |
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3.5.3.1 Two-Component Systems |
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42 | (1) |
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3.5.3.2 Multicomponent Systems |
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43 | (4) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (5) |
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52 | (5) |
| Chapter 4 Transport Phenomena in Molten Glass: A Continuum Approach |
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57 | (18) |
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Rand A. Murnane and Robert R. Thomas |
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57 | (1) |
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4.2 The Nature of Glass Viscosity |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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4.4 Conservation of Momentum |
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60 | (1) |
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4.5 Equation of Mechanical Energy |
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61 | (1) |
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4.6 Energy Transport and Effective Thermal Conductivity |
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61 | (2) |
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63 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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4.9 Boundary-Layer Concerns |
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64 | (1) |
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4.10 Mass Transport Equations of Change |
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65 | (1) |
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4.11 Glass Process Applications |
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65 | (6) |
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65 | (3) |
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4.11.2 Refiner and Distributor |
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68 | (1) |
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68 | (2) |
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4.11.4 Bowls and Orifices |
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70 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (2) |
| Chapter 5 Viscosity of Molten Glasses |
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75 | (68) |
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5.1 Theoretical Considerations and Definitions |
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75 | (11) |
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75 | (1) |
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5.1.2 Definitions and Nomenclature |
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76 | (1) |
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5.1.3 The Objectives of This Chapter |
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77 | (1) |
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5.1.4 Viscosity and Temperature |
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78 | (1) |
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5.1.5 The Form of the Viscosity vs. Temperature Relation |
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79 | (3) |
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5.1.6 Fitting the VFT Equation to Experimental Data |
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82 | (2) |
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5.1.7 Non-Newtonian Behavior |
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84 | (1) |
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5.1.8 Estimation of Viscosity Characteristics from Composition |
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84 | (2) |
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5.2 Methods of Measurement |
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86 | (7) |
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86 | (1) |
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5.2.2 Experimental Issues |
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87 | (1) |
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5.2.3 Rotational Viscometers |
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87 | (2) |
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5.2.4 Fiber Elongation Viscometers |
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89 | (2) |
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5.2.5 Bending Beam Viscometers |
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91 | (2) |
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5.3 Tables of Viscosity Data |
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93 | (45) |
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5.3.1 Single-Component Systems |
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93 | (3) |
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5.3.2 Two-Component Melts |
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96 | (25) |
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5.3.3 Three-Component Melts |
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121 | (10) |
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5.5.4 Complex and Commercial Glass Systems |
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131 | (2) |
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5.3.5 Calculation of Viscosity from Composition |
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133 | (5) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (5) |
| Chapter 6 The Surface Tension of Glass-Forming Melts |
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143 | (50) |
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144 | (10) |
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6.1.1 The Technological Significance of Glass Melt Surface Tension |
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144 | (1) |
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6.1.2 The Concept of Liquid Surface Tension |
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144 | (2) |
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6.1.3 Bonding and Surface Tension - A Comparison of Liquids |
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146 | (2) |
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6.1.4 The Effect of Temperature on Glass Surface Tension |
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148 | (1) |
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6.1.5 The Effect of Glass Composition on Surface Tension |
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149 | (4) |
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6.1.6 The Effect of Atmosphere on Surface Tension |
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153 | (1) |
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6.2 The Measurement of Surface Tension |
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154 | (9) |
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6.2.1 The Capillary Rise Method |
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155 | (1) |
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6.2.2 The Drop Weight Method |
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155 | (2) |
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6.2.3 The Fiber Elongation Method |
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157 | (1) |
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6.2.4 The Dipping Cylinder Method |
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157 | (1) |
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6.2.5 Maximum Bubble Pressure Technique |
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158 | (1) |
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159 | (3) |
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6.2.6.1 The Sessile Drop Technique |
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159 | (2) |
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6.2.6.2 The Pendant Drop Technique |
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161 | (1) |
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6.2.6.3 Image Analysis for Drop Shape Techniques |
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162 | (1) |
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6.2.7 A Comparison of Surface Tension Measurement Techniques |
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162 | (1) |
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6.3 Data for Selected Systems |
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163 | (1) |
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163 | (1) |
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6.3.2 Outline of Sources of High-Temperature Surface Tension Data for Non-Metallic Liquids |
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164 | (1) |
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164 | (12) |
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176 | (17) |
| Chapter 7 Density of Glass Melts |
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193 | (34) |
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193 | (1) |
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7.2 Methods of Measurements |
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194 | (4) |
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7.3 About the Information System |
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198 | (1) |
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7.4 Influence of Temperature |
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198 | (5) |
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198 | (1) |
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199 | (4) |
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7.5 Influence of Composition |
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203 | (15) |
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203 | (1) |
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7.5.2 Density of Silicate Melts |
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204 | (7) |
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7.5.2.1 Density of Binary Sodium Silicate Melts |
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204 | (5) |
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7.5.2.2 Density of Mixed Alkali Silicate Melts |
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209 | (1) |
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7.5.2.3 Influence of Bivalent Oxides on Density of Alkali Silicate Melts |
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210 | (1) |
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7.5.2.4 Influence of Other Oxides on Density of Alkali Silicate Melts |
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210 | (1) |
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7.5.2.5 Densities of Alkali-Free Silicate Melts |
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211 | (1) |
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7.5.3 Density of Borate Melts |
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211 | (7) |
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7.5.4 Density of Various Types of Melts |
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218 | (1) |
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7.6 Calculation of Melt Densities |
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218 | (3) |
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221 | (6) |
| Chapter 8 Heat Capacity of Glass Melts |
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227 | (22) |
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Alexander I. Priven and Oleg V. Mazurin |
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227 | (1) |
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8.2 Temperature Dependencies of Heat Capacity of Glass-Forming Substances |
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228 | (2) |
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8.3 General Characteristics of Existing Experimental Data on Heat Capacity of Glass Melts |
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230 | (1) |
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8.4 Composition Dependences of Heat Capacity of Glass Melts |
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230 | (4) |
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8.4.1 The Relativity of the Influence of Chemical Composition on Heat Capacity |
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230 | (1) |
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8.4.2 Prediction of Heat Capacity of Glass Melts from Chemical Composition |
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231 | (20) |
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8.4.2.1 Method by Stebbins et al |
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231 | (1) |
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8.4.2.2 Method by Gudovich and Primenko |
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231 | (1) |
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231 | (2) |
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8.4.2.4 Practical Recommendations for Using the Methods |
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233 | (1) |
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234 | (1) |
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234 | (11) |
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245 | (4) |
| Chapter 9 Heat Transfer in Glass-Forming Melts |
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249 | (46) |
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M.K. Choudhary and R.M. Potter |
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250 | (1) |
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9.2 Formulation of Heat Transfer Problem in Glass Melts |
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251 | (37) |
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9.2.1 Differential Thermal Energy Balance |
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251 | (1) |
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9.2.2 Heat Transfer by Conduction |
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251 | (2) |
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9.2.3 Heat Transfer by Convection |
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253 | (1) |
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9.2.4 Heat Transfer by Radiation |
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254 | (13) |
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254 | (1) |
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9.2.4.2 Stefan-Boltzmann Law |
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255 | (1) |
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9.2.4.3 Intensity of Radiation |
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255 | (2) |
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9.2.4.4 Surface Radiation |
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257 | (1) |
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9.2.4.5 Radiation in an Absorbing, Emitting Medium |
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257 | (10) |
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9.2.5 Thermal Conductivity of Glass |
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267 | (3) |
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9.2.5.1 Phonon Thermal Conductivity |
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267 | (1) |
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9.2.5.2 Calculation of Room Temperature Phonon Conductivity |
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268 | (2) |
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9.2.6 Photon thermal conductivity |
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270 | (36) |
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270 | (1) |
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9.2.6.2 Calculation of Photon Thermal Conductivity from Spectral Data |
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271 | (2) |
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9.2.6.3 Glass Absorption Coefficients |
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273 | (3) |
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9.2.6.4 First Row Transition Metal Ion Absorption in Silicate Glass |
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276 | (6) |
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9.2.6.5 Hydroxyl Ion Absorption in Silicate Glass |
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282 | (1) |
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9.2.6.6 Calculation of Photon Thermal Conductivity |
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283 | (3) |
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9.2.6.7 Errors Associated with the Calculation |
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286 | (2) |
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288 | (1) |
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289 | (1) |
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289 | (6) |
| Chapter 10 Electrical Conductivity of Glass Melts |
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295 | (44) |
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Oleg V. Mazurin and Oleg A. Prokhorenko |
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295 | (2) |
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10.2 Methods of Measurements |
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297 | (4) |
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10.3 The Influence of Composition of Electrical Resistivity of Glass-Forming Melts |
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301 | (5) |
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10.4 Method of Calculation of Electrical Resistivity of Glass-Forming Melts |
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306 | (2) |
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10.4.1 Calculation of Electrical Resistivity of Commercial Soda-Lime-Silica Melts |
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306 | (1) |
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10.4.2 Glasses of Sodium Borosilicate System |
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307 | (1) |
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10.5 Electrical Resistivity Data |
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308 | (27) |
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335 | (1) |
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335 | (4) |
| Chapter 11 How the Properties of Glass Melts Influence the Dissolution of Refractory Materials |
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339 | (52) |
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340 | (16) |
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11.1.1 Thermodynamics of Glass Melt Corrosivity toward Refractories |
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342 | (1) |
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11.1.2 Refractory Dissolution: General Considerations |
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342 | (12) |
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11.1.2.1 Dissolution Kinetics Equations |
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343 | (1) |
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11.1.2.2 Kinetics of Solute Dissolution in Stagnant Liquid |
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344 | (1) |
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11.1.2.3 Temperature Dependency of Dissolution Kinetics |
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345 | (1) |
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11.1.2.4 Refractory Dissolution Kinetics under Natural Convection Conditions |
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346 | (2) |
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11.1.2.5 Kinetics of Refractory Dissolution Driven by Surface Tension Conditions |
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348 | (1) |
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11.1.2.6 Kinetics of Dissolution of Refractories by Upward and Downward Drilling Conditions |
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349 | (2) |
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11.1.2.7 Kinetics of Refractories Dissolution Driven by Forced Convection Conditions |
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351 | (1) |
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11.1.2.8 Kinetics of Dissolution of a Rotating Refractory Disc |
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352 | (1) |
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11.1.2.9 Summary of the Influence of Glass Melt Properties on Their Corrosivity toward Refractories |
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353 | (1) |
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11.1.3 Definition of Symbols |
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354 | (1) |
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11.1.4 Deviations of Commercial Refractory Materials from Idealized Solute Materials |
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354 | (2) |
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11.2 Refractory Dissolution Experimental Procedures |
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356 | (3) |
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11.2.1 Static Finger or Pencil Tests |
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356 | (1) |
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357 | (1) |
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11.2.2 Small Refractory Basin Tests |
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357 | (1) |
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11.2.3 Dynamic Rotating Cylinder or Disc Tests |
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358 | (1) |
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11.3 Laboratory Studies of Dissolution of Refractory Materials in Glass Melts |
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359 | (29) |
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11.3.1 Studies of Refractory Dissolution in One-Component Glass Melts |
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359 | (5) |
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11.3.1.1 Quartz Glass Dissolution B2O3 |
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359 | (2) |
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11.3.1.2 Tungsten Metal Corrosion in B2O3 |
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361 | (3) |
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11.3.1.3 Al2O3 Dissolution in V2O5 |
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364 | (1) |
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11.3.2 Studies of Refractory Dissolution in Two-Component Glass Melts |
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364 | (10) |
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11.3.2.1 Crystalline and Glass Quartz Dissolution in Na2O-B2O3 |
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364 | (1) |
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11.3.2.2 Quartz Glass Dissolution in Na2O-SiO2 |
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365 | (2) |
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11.3.2.3 Quartz Glass Dissolution in Na5O-SiO, and K5O-SiO |
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367 | (3) |
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11.3.2.4 Tungsten Metal Corrosion in Na2O-B2O3 |
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370 | (4) |
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11.3.3 Studies of Refractory Dissolution in Three Component Glass Melts |
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374 | (8) |
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11.3.3.1 Sapphire and Alumina and Alumino-Silicate Refractories Dissolution in CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 |
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375 | (4) |
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11.3.2.2 Quartz Glass Dissolution in Na2O-CaO-SiO2, K2O-PbO-SiO2 Na2O-B2OgSiO2 and CaO-Al203-SiO2 |
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379 | (1) |
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11.3.3.3 Al2O3 and ZrO2 and Fused AZS Dissolution in Alkali-Barium-Silicate |
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380 | (2) |
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11.3.3.4 Upward Drilling of High Al2O3, Corundum, SnO2 and Fusion Cast AZS and ACZS Refractories in Soda-Alumina-Lime-Silica Glass Melts |
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382 | (1) |
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11.3.4 Applications of Dissolution Kinetic Principles to Refractory Systems Design-Refractory Chemistry |
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382 | (25) |
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11.3.4.1 Basin Wall Refractory Considerations |
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384 | (2) |
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386 | (1) |
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386 | (1) |
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11.3.4.4 Refractory Metals |
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387 | (1) |
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388 | (3) |
| Chapter 12 Nuclear Waste Glasses |
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391 | (14) |
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391 | (1) |
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12.2 Key Nuclear Waste-Glass Properties |
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392 | (3) |
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12.3 Glass Property-Composition Relationships |
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395 | (3) |
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398 | (1) |
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398 | (7) |
| Chapter 13 Solubility of Gases in Glass Melts |
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405 | (78) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (4) |
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13.2.1 Dependence on Glass Composition |
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408 | (1) |
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13.2.2 Dependence on Temperature |
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409 | (1) |
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13.2.3 Dependence on Pressure |
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410 | (1) |
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411 | (2) |
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13.3.1 Dependence on Glass Composition |
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411 | (1) |
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13.3.2 Dependence on Temperature |
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412 | (1) |
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13.3.3 Dependence on Pressure |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (8) |
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13.4.1 Hydrogen and Water |
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413 | (1) |
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414 | (1) |
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414 | (3) |
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417 | (3) |
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420 | (1) |
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13.5 Calculation of Gas Solubility |
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421 | (1) |
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13.6 Measurement of Gas Solubility |
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421 | (4) |
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13.6.1 Saturation of Melts with Gases |
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421 | (1) |
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422 | (3) |
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13.6.2.1 Extraction and Gas Analysis |
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422 | (1) |
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13.6.2.2 Physical Measuring Methods |
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423 | (2) |
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13.7 Application of Gas Solubility |
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425 | (4) |
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13.7.1 Glass Melt Structure |
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425 | (1) |
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13.7.2 Glass Melting Process |
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426 | (2) |
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426 | (1) |
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13.7.2.2 Fining and Conditioning |
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426 | (1) |
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13.7.2.3 Foaming and Reboil |
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427 | (1) |
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13.7.3 Bubble Defect Trouble Shooting |
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428 | (1) |
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429 | (46) |
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475 | (8) |
| Index |
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483 | |