| Preface |
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xxi | |
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PART 1 SETTING THE STAGE FOR A DIAGNOSTIC-READING AND IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM |
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1 | (104) |
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Introduction to a Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program |
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3 | (11) |
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Scenario: A Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program in Action |
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4 | (1) |
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4 | (1) |
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What Is a Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program? |
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5 | (1) |
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5 | (1) |
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Ten Principles of Diagnosis |
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6 | (1) |
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6 | (3) |
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Reading as a Total Integrative Process |
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7 | (2) |
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Reading Theory and Terminology: A Special Note |
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9 | (1) |
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10 | (1) |
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What Is Developmental Reading? |
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10 | (1) |
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What Is Remedial Reading? |
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10 | (1) |
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What Is Balanced Reading? |
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11 | (1) |
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Scenario: Balanced Reading |
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11 | (1) |
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A Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program: A Point of View |
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11 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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12 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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12 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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13 | (1) |
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The Teacher's Role in the Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program |
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14 | (25) |
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Scenarios: Extremes Don't Work! |
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15 | (1) |
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16 | (1) |
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The Teacher in a Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program |
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16 | (1) |
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The Teacher as the Key to a Good Reading Program |
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17 | (1) |
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Some Important Characteristics and Practices of Good Reading Teachers |
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18 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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19 | (1) |
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Teaching in the Twenty-First Century |
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20 | (1) |
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Scenario of a New Teacher |
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21 | (1) |
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22 | (2) |
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Teacher as Explicit Reading Teacher |
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24 | (1) |
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What Is Explicit Instruction? |
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24 | (1) |
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Scenario: A Sample Explicit Reading Lesson |
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25 | (1) |
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Teacher as Organizer and Manager |
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25 | (2) |
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Scenario: Mr. Mills---A Good Classroom Manager |
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27 | (2) |
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28 | (1) |
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Individualized Instruction |
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29 | (1) |
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Teacher-Made (Informal) Programs |
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29 | (1) |
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Commercially Produced or Published Programs |
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29 | (1) |
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Some Common Characteristics of Commercially Produced and Teacher-Made Individualized Programs |
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29 | (1) |
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For Whom Does Individualized Instruction Work? |
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29 | (1) |
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Some Common Sense about Individual Programs |
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30 | (1) |
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30 | (2) |
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Designing a Learning Center |
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31 | (1) |
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Teacher as Self-Evaluator |
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32 | (1) |
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Another Look at Lisa and Rachael---Extremes Don't Work! |
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33 | (2) |
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Teaching: A Point of View |
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35 | (1) |
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36 | (1) |
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37 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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37 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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38 | (1) |
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Developing a Knowledge Base About Tests, Measurement, and Evaluation |
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39 | (22) |
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Accountability in the Twenty-First Century |
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40 | (1) |
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Scenario: Ms. Smith Learns about Assessment |
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41 | (1) |
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42 | (1) |
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Testing Terminology: Evaluation, Tests, Measurement, and Assessment |
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43 | (1) |
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44 | (3) |
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47 | (1) |
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47 | (1) |
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Limitations of Norm-Referenced Measures |
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48 | (1) |
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Scenario: James Brown---A Teacher Who Knows the Purpose of Tests |
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48 | (1) |
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Standardized Achievement Survey Test Batteries (Multiple-Subject-Matter Tests) and Standardized Reading Survey Tests (Single-Subject-Matter Tests) |
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49 | (6) |
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50 | (1) |
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51 | (1) |
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Classification of Standardized Tests |
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51 | (1) |
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Selecting a Standardized Test |
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51 | (1) |
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Interpretation of Some Achievement Test Score Terms |
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52 | (3) |
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Criterion-Referenced Tests |
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55 | (2) |
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Limitations of Criterion Referenced Measures |
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56 | (1) |
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57 | (1) |
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Group and Individual Tests |
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57 | (1) |
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58 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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59 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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60 | (1) |
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Factors That Affect Reading Performance |
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61 | (27) |
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Scenario: Angelique and Sara: A Study in Contrast |
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62 | (1) |
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63 | (1) |
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Differentiating Between Educational and Noneducational Factors |
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64 | (1) |
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65 | (3) |
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65 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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66 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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67 | (1) |
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68 | (16) |
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68 | (1) |
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Dialect and Language Differences |
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69 | (2) |
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Standard English, an Important Factor for School Success and Beyond: A Point of View |
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71 | (1) |
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71 | (1) |
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72 | (1) |
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73 | (1) |
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74 | (8) |
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82 | (2) |
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Scenario: The Profile of a First-Grade Failure |
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84 | (2) |
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86 | (1) |
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86 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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86 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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87 | (1) |
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Helping Children Achieve in Reading |
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88 | (17) |
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89 | (1) |
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Scenario: Mr. Brown---A Teacher Who Cares |
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89 | (1) |
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90 | (1) |
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90 | (3) |
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Characteristics of Good Readers |
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90 | (3) |
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Dyslexia: A Point of View |
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93 | (1) |
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Determing Reading Potential |
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94 | (2) |
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What Is a Diagnostic Pattern? |
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96 | (1) |
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Using Listening Capacity to Estimate Reading Potential |
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96 | (2) |
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Scenario: Who Is Underachieving in Reading? |
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98 | (1) |
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Ages and Stages of Literacy Development |
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98 | (1) |
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English Language Learners |
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99 | (3) |
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Underachieving in School: A Point of View |
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102 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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103 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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103 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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104 | (1) |
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PART 2 INSTRUMENTS AND TECHNIQUES FOR THE ASSESSMENT AND DIAGNOSIS OF READING PERFORMANCE |
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105 | (134) |
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Using Alternative Assessment Techniques Across the Grades |
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107 | (33) |
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Scenario: Teachers Talking |
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108 | (1) |
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109 | (2) |
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Alternative, Authentic, and Performance Assessment: What's the Difference? |
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111 | (2) |
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Portfolios and Portfolio Assessment |
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113 | (2) |
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115 | (1) |
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Making Observations Objective |
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115 | (1) |
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116 | (1) |
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Determining the Information to Be Recorded |
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116 | (1) |
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Scenario: Mr. Jackson Checks and Writes |
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117 | (3) |
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120 | (2) |
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Group and Individual Checklists |
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120 | (2) |
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Checklists and Rating Scales |
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122 | (1) |
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Other Helpful Alternative Assessment Techniques |
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122 | (16) |
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Informal Student Interviews |
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125 | (4) |
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129 | (1) |
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130 | (2) |
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132 | (5) |
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137 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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138 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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139 | (1) |
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Assessing and Teaching Early Literacy |
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140 | (49) |
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Scenario: Helping Children Advance as Language Learners |
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141 | (1) |
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141 | (1) |
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142 | (1) |
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Building an Understanding of Early Literacy |
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142 | (1) |
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143 | (1) |
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143 | (6) |
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143 | (2) |
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Uses of Group-Administered Standardized Pre-Reading Assessments |
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145 | (2) |
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Suggestions for Choosing and Using Mandated Pre-Reading Tests |
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147 | (1) |
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Current Ways to Assess Early Literacy |
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148 | (1) |
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Understanding, Assessing, and Teaching Concepts |
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149 | (12) |
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149 | (1) |
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150 | (1) |
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How Does Concept Development Relate to Language and Reading |
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151 | (1) |
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How Can Oral Language Concepts Be Assessed |
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152 | (3) |
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How Can Print Concepts Be Assessed? |
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155 | (2) |
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Teaching Oral Language and Print Concepts |
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157 | (4) |
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Understanding, Assessing, and Teaching Phonological Awareness |
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161 | (9) |
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What Is Phonological Awareness? |
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161 | (3) |
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How Can Phonological Awareness Be Assessed? |
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164 | (1) |
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Teaching Phonological Awareness |
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164 | (6) |
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Understanding, Assessing, and Teaching Letter Identification |
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170 | (4) |
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What Is Letter Identification? |
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170 | (1) |
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How Can Letter Identification Be Assessed? |
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170 | (2) |
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Teaching Letter Identification |
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172 | (2) |
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Understanding, Assessing, and Teaching Writing |
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174 | (6) |
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174 | (2) |
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What Is Developmental Spelling? |
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176 | (2) |
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How Can Writing Be Assessed? |
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178 | (1) |
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178 | (2) |
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Undertanding, Assessing, and Teaching Story Sense |
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180 | (4) |
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180 | (1) |
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How Can Story Sense Be Assessed? |
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180 | (1) |
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Teaching Story Sense and Story Comprehension |
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180 | (4) |
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Putting It All Together: Who Is in Most Need of Early Intervention? |
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184 | (2) |
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What Is Early Intervention? |
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184 | (1) |
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Who Is in Most Need of Early Intervention? |
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184 | (2) |
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186 | (1) |
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186 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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187 | (1) |
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187 | (1) |
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188 | (1) |
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Listening in On Students' Oral Reading |
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189 | (50) |
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Scenario: Using Oral Reading to Learn More about Vicki |
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190 | (1) |
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191 | (1) |
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191 | (2) |
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An Overview of the Informal Reading Inventory |
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193 | (11) |
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What Is an Informal Reading Inventory? |
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193 | (1) |
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What Are the Purposes of an Informal Reading Inventory? |
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193 | (2) |
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Determining Reading and Listening Capacity Levels |
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195 | (3) |
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Reporting Students' Reading Levels |
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198 | (2) |
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Code for Marking Oral Reading Errors |
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200 | (1) |
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Scoring Oral Reading Errors |
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200 | (3) |
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Using a Diagnostic Checklist for Oral and Silent Reading |
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203 | (1) |
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Administering and Scoring the IRI |
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204 | (9) |
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Step 1: Establishing Rapport |
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204 | (1) |
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Step 2: The Word Recognition Inventory |
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204 | (2) |
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Step 3: Oral and Silent Reading Passages |
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206 | (1) |
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Step 4: The Listening Capacity Test |
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207 | (1) |
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When Is a Listening Capacity Test Given? |
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207 | (6) |
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Who Should be Given an IRI? |
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213 | (4) |
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217 | (1) |
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Modified IRI Approaches: A Caution |
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217 | (1) |
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Points of Caution Concerning IRIs |
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218 | (4) |
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Criteria for Estimating Reading Levels |
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219 | (1) |
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How Should Oral Reading Errors Be Scored? |
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220 | (1) |
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Oral and Silent Reading Comprehension |
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221 | (1) |
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An Overview of Miscue Analysis |
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222 | (3) |
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What Is Miscue Analysis and What Is its Purpose? |
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222 | (1) |
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How Can Miscue Analysis Be Used? |
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222 | (1) |
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223 | (2) |
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An Overview of the Running Record |
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225 | (3) |
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What Is a Running Record? |
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225 | (1) |
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What Are the Purposes of a Running Record? |
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225 | (1) |
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How Are Running Records and IRIs Similar? |
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225 | (2) |
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How Are Running Records and IRIs Different? |
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227 | (1) |
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Administering a Running Record |
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228 | (4) |
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232 | (2) |
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Interpreting a Running Record |
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234 | (2) |
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236 | (1) |
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236 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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236 | (1) |
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237 | (1) |
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237 | (2) |
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PART 3 THE DIAGNOSTIC-READING AND IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM IN ACTION |
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239 | (290) |
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Using Texts to Help Children Overcome Reading Difficulties |
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241 | (25) |
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Scenario: Imagining the Best Possible School |
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242 | (1) |
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242 | (1) |
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243 | (1) |
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Reasons for Using a Variety of Texts in a Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program |
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244 | (1) |
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245 | (16) |
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246 | (4) |
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250 | (9) |
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259 | (2) |
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Computers and Reading in a Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program |
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261 | (1) |
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Diagnosis and Reading Improvement in Content Areas: A Point of View |
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262 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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263 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (1) |
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264 | (2) |
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Helping Children Acquire and Apply Phonics Knowledge |
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266 | (45) |
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Scenario: Lack of Phonic Skills |
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267 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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268 | (1) |
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The Importance of Decoding in Reading |
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268 | (1) |
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269 | (1) |
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A Developmental Sequence of Phonics |
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269 | (23) |
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Auditory and Visual Discrimination |
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270 | (2) |
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272 | (6) |
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278 | (9) |
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287 | (2) |
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Syllabication---Intermediate Grades |
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289 | (2) |
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291 | (1) |
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292 | (12) |
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Guidelines for Exemplary Phonics Instruction |
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292 | (1) |
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Explicit and Implicit Phonics Instruction |
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293 | (1) |
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Seven Teaching Strategies |
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294 | (10) |
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304 | (4) |
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308 | (1) |
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308 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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308 | (1) |
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309 | (1) |
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309 | (2) |
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Helping Children Acquire and Apply Vocabulary |
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311 | (45) |
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Scenario: Mr. Jackson and Vocabulary Expansion |
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312 | (1) |
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313 | (1) |
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313 | (4) |
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313 | (1) |
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314 | (1) |
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315 | (1) |
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316 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (1) |
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317 | (7) |
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Guidelines for Effective Vocabulary Instruction |
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319 | (1) |
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319 | (5) |
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Scenario: Ms. Johnson Uses a Modeling Strategy to Teach a Context Clue |
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324 | (25) |
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349 | (3) |
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352 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (1) |
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353 | (3) |
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Helping Children Comprehend |
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356 | (54) |
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Scenario: Assessing and Teaching Alan |
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357 | (1) |
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358 | (1) |
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359 | (1) |
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Building Background about Comprehension |
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359 | (7) |
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359 | (1) |
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359 | (2) |
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361 | (3) |
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Reading Comprehension Taxonomies |
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364 | (2) |
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Oral Reading and Reading Comprehension |
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366 | (2) |
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366 | (1) |
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Oral Reading: Its Role in the Reading Lesson |
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367 | (1) |
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368 | (15) |
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368 | (7) |
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Finding the Central Idea of a Group of Paragraphs |
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375 | (3) |
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378 | (5) |
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383 | (1) |
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383 | (14) |
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The Directed Reading-Thinking Activity |
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384 | (7) |
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391 | (1) |
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391 | (1) |
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Reciprocal Reading Instruction |
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392 | (1) |
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393 | (1) |
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394 | (1) |
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Question--Answer Relationships (QARs) |
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395 | (2) |
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397 | (9) |
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Questioning as a Diagnostic Technique |
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397 | (1) |
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398 | (4) |
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402 | (4) |
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406 | (1) |
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407 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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407 | (1) |
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408 | (1) |
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408 | (2) |
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Learning Strategies and Study Skills in a Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program |
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410 | (27) |
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411 | (1) |
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411 | (1) |
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What Are Some Good Study Procedures? |
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412 | (1) |
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Building Good Study Habits |
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412 | (1) |
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413 | (1) |
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Scenario: Modeling the SQ3R Approach for Fourth Grade Students |
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414 | (1) |
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415 | (1) |
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415 | (2) |
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417 | (1) |
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418 | (2) |
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420 | (1) |
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421 | (1) |
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Reading and Writing as Modes of Learning |
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422 | (1) |
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422 | (1) |
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Scenario: Notetaking, Studying, and SQ3R |
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422 | (2) |
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Scenario: Semantic Mapping and Studying |
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424 | (1) |
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Summaries as a Mode of Learning |
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424 | (1) |
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425 | (2) |
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The School Library and Library Skills |
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427 | (2) |
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428 | (1) |
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Intermediate and Upper-Elementary Grades |
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428 | (1) |
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Concentration and Studying: A point of View |
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429 | (6) |
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435 | (1) |
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435 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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436 | (1) |
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Teachers and Parents as Partners in the Diagnostic-Reading and Improvement Program |
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437 | (17) |
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438 | (1) |
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438 | (1) |
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Parental Involvement in the Schools |
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438 | (2) |
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Some Possible Causes for a Change in Attitude toward Parental Involvement |
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439 | (1) |
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Emergent Literacy and Parents |
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440 | (1) |
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Research on Parental Involvement in their Children's Education |
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441 | (2) |
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Parental Involvement in School Programs |
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443 | (1) |
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Parental Involvement in Regular School Reading Programs |
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444 | (3) |
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How Successful Are Parental Involvement Programs? |
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447 | (1) |
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Television, Computers, Parents, Children, and Reading |
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448 | (3) |
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448 | (1) |
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449 | (2) |
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Parent-Teacher Conferences |
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451 | (1) |
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451 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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Suggestions for Thought Questions and Activities |
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452 | (1) |
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452 | (1) |
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453 | (1) |
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454 | (75) |
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Scenario: Case Report of Child |
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455 | (2) |
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457 | (1) |
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457 | (2) |
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459 | (3) |
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Appendix A Constructing an Informal Reading Inventory |
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462 | (5) |
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Constructing Your Own Informal Reading Inventory |
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462 | (1) |
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462 | (1) |
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Graded Oral and Silent Reading Passages |
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463 | (1) |
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The Comprehension Questions |
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464 | (3) |
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Appendix B Informal Reading Inventory |
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467 | (47) |
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469 | (45) |
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Appendix C Teacher's Resource Guide of Language Transfer Issues For English Language Learners |
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514 | (15) |
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Grammar Transfer Issues for Ten Languages |
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514 | (10) |
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Phonics Transfer Issues for Seven Languages |
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524 | (3) |
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Sound-Symbol Transfer (Phonics) |
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527 | (2) |
| Glossary |
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529 | (10) |
| Index |
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539 | |