Renewable Energies in Germany’s Electricity Market

by Bruns, Elke; Ohlhorst, Dorte; Wenzel, Bernd; Koppel, Johann

ISBN13: 9789048199044

ISBN10: 9048199042

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2010-11-08

Publisher(s): Springer Verlag

Other versions by this Author

List Price: ~~$249.99~~

Rent Textbook

Select for Price

Add to Cart

There was a problem. Please try again later.

New Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

Used Textbook

We're Sorry
Sold Out

eTextbook

We're Sorry
Not Available

Buy from our Marketplace starting at $175.65

Summary

This cross-sectional, interdisciplinary study traces the "history of innovation" of renewable energies in Germany. It features five renewable energy sectors of electricity generation: biomass, photovoltaic, wind energy, geothermal energy and hydropower. The study tracks the development of the respective technologies as well as their contribution to electricity generation. It focuses on driving forces and constraints for renewable energies in the period between 1990 and today.

Introduction	p. 1
Introduction to the Methodology	p. 7
Research Questions and Objectives	p. 7
Procedure	p. 8
A Note on Style	p. 9
Methodology Used in the Constellation Analysis	p. 9
Constellation Analysis	p. 9
Constellation Elements	p. 10
Relations	p. 10
Context	p. 11
The Concept of a Biography of Innovation	p. 11
Governing Political and Social Processes	p. 12
References	p. 13
Cross-sectoral Interventions, Events and Processes	p. 15
Crises as Triggers for Social Rethinking Processes	p. 15
Environmental and Climate Crises	p. 16
Oil Price Crises	p. 18
Nuclear Energy Crisis	p. 19
Energy Supply Crises and Electricity Gap Debate	p. 20
Food Crisis	p. 22
International Climate Protection Research and Politics	p. 22
International Climate Protection Process	p. 23
Establishment of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA)	p. 31
Incentives for Energy Policy at EU level	p. 32
Liberalization of the Energy Markets	p. 33
Renewables and Climate Protection Policy at EU Level	p. 35
European Emissions Trading (Cap and Trade)	p. 40
Emergence of National Problem Awareness and Process of Institutionalization	p. 41
Institutionalization of Environmental Protection	p. 42
Climate Protection in Politics and Administration	p. 42
Institutionalization of Renewable Energy Policy	p. 46
Establishment of Associations	p. 47
Energy and Climate Policy Strategies and Objectives at National Level	p. 49
Guidelines on Energy Policy Issued by the Federal Government in 1991	p. 49
Change of Government to Red-Green in 1998	p. 49
National Climate Protection Programs	p. 49
Nuclear Phaseout Resolution of 2001	p. 50
Sustainability Strategy 2002	p. 51
Government Aid for Renewable Energy	p. 51
Market Incentive Program	p. 52
Federal Research Funding	p. 52
Funding on State Level	p. 57
StrEG and EEG as Key Policy Measures	p. 57
The Electricity Feed-In Act (StrEG)	p. 58
The Renewable Energy Sources Act (EEG)	p. 61
Integrated Energy and Climate Program of the Federal Government	p. 64
Environmental and Planning Law for Renewable Energy Projects	p. 66
Amendment of Regional Planning Law	p. 66
Zoning Law/Planning Permission Law	p. 67
Legal Basis for Grid Connection and Grid Expansion	p. 69
Overall Parameters of the Electricity Sector	p. 70
Integration of the Electricity Industry in Europe - Actors and Influencing Factors	p. 70
Structure of the German Electricity Supply Sector	p. 72
Liberalization of the Energy Market - The German Energy Industry Act	p. 73
Current Courses Set in the Energy Sector	p. 76
References	p. 80
Innovation Framework for Generating Biogas and Electricity from Biogas	p. 89
Preliminary Remarks	p. 90
Phase-Based Analysis of the Innovation Process	p. 90
Historical Retrospective	p. 90
Phase 1: Pioneering Phase, 1970-1990	p. 91
Phase 2: First Phase of Emergence From 1990 to 1999	p. 100
Phase 3: Intensified Emergence Between 2000 and Mid-2004	p. 110
Phase 4: Take-off from Mid-2004 to the End of 2006	p. 121
Phase 5: Setback in Development 2007/2008	p. 138
Consolidation from Mid-2008 Onward and Future Prospects	p. 148
References	p. 155
Innovation Conditions in the Case of Solar Power Generation	p. 161
Preliminary Remarks	p. 161
Phase-Specific Analysis of the Innovation Process	p. 162
A Historical Overview	p. 162
Phase 1: Pioneering Phase, 1970-1985	p. 163
Phase 2: Stagnation of Industry Engagement, R&D, 1986-1991	p. 168
Phase 3: Large-scale Testing from 1991 to 1994	p. 178
Phase 4: Uncertainty and Slowdown, 1994-1998	p. 184
Phase 5: Breakthrough, 1999-2003	p. 193
Phase 6: Development Boom from 2004	p. 206
References	p. 224
Conditions for Innovation in Geothermal Power Generation	p. 229
Preliminary Remarks	p. 229
Phase-specific Analysis of the Innovation Process	p. 232
Use of Geothermal Heat in the Former GDR	p. 232
Phase 1: 1985-2003, Research and Development, Preliminary Projects to Generate Electricity	p. 233
Phase 2: Formation of Prospective Structures from 2004	p. 241
Outlook	p. 257
References	p. 259
Innovation Framework for Generating Electricity from Wind Power	p. 261
Preliminary Remarks	p. 261
Phase-Based Analysis of the Innovation Process	p. 262
Phase 1: Pioneering Phase - Mid- 1970s Until 1986	p. 263
Phase 2: Inception - Changing Context of Energy Policy Between 1986 and 1990	p. 268
Phase 3: Breakthrough 1991 - 1995	p. 273
Phase 4: Development Dip in the Mid- 1990s	p. 283
Phase 5: Wind Power Boom and Reorganization 1997/98 to 2002	p. 289
Phase 6: Consolidation and Divergence of the Pathway from 2002 Onward	p. 298
References	p. 326
Innovation Framework for Generating Electricity from Hydropower	p. 333
Preliminary Remarks	p. 333
Hydropower in the Pioneering Phase (Before 1930)	p. 334
Turbine Technology	p. 335
Hydropower Plants	p. 337
Phase-Based Analysis of the Course of Innovation	p. 337
Phase 1: Hydropower Maturation Phase (1930-1990)	p. 337
Phase 2: Revitalization of Small Hydropower, 1990-1999	p. 347
Phase 3: Modernization Under Environmental Constraints, 2000 to the Present	p. 354
Prospects	p. 363
References	p. 364
Cross-Sectional Comparison	p. 367
Key Driving Forces in the Innovation Biographies	p. 368
Civic Activities, Creative Environment and Pioneers	p. 368
Advocacy Coalitions	p. 369
Political Window	p. 371
Political Strategies and Lead Principles	p. 371
Institutionalization and Market Incentives	p. 372
Multi-Level Policy as the Driver	p. 375
Technology-Bound Driving Forces	p. 376
Inhibitory Influences in the Innovation Biographies	p. 378
Investment Costs and Limited Resources	p. 378
Inhibitory Advocacy Coalitions	p. 378
Insufficient and Incompatible Infrastructure	p. 379
Loss of Acceptance	p. 380
Comparison of Innovation Processes: Characteristic Phases and Different Processes	p. 381
Pioneering Phase or Early Phase Including Pilot Applications	p. 382
Inception	p. 383
Breakthrough	p. 383
Expansion and Boom Phases	p. 384
Phases of Instability and Crisis	p. 385
Phases of Stabilization and Consolidation	p. 386
Insights into the Drivers of Innovation	p. 387
Phase-Specific Adjustment of Policies	p. 388
Identifying and Strengthening Innovation Processes in the Early Phase	p. 388
On the Path to a Breakthrough - Stimulating the Process in its Inception Phase	p. 390
In the Expansion Phase: Easing Integration into the System and Avoiding Acceptance Problems	p. 390
Sustaining Innovation Processes by Corrective Controls	p. 392
Driving Innovation During Unstable Phases	p. 392
Recognizing and Limiting Unintended Outcomes in a Timely Manner	p. 394
Integrating Levels of Action and Actors	p. 395
Coordination and Integration of Policy Levels	p. 395
Integrating the Goals of Government Portfolios	p. 396
Integrating Sub-Constellations	p. 396
Planning Policies	p. 396
Synchronization-Based Policy	p. 397
Temporal Synchronization	p. 397
Accumulation of Policy Action	p. 397
Synchronizing Heterogeneous Innovation Processes	p. 398
Coherent Policies in Complex Constellations	p. 398
Future Challenges Facing Governance	p. 399
From Integration to Transformation in the Electricity Sector - a Complex Policy Task	p. 399
Compatibility of Power Generation Systems	p. 399
Optimizing the Power Line Infrastructure	p. 400
Prospects for System Transformation in the Electricity Sector	p. 401
Authors' Biographies	p. 403
Annex	p. 405
Index of Legal Sources	p. 405
Energy Law	p. 405
Environmental and Building Law	p. 406
EU Directives and Court Rulings	p. 407
Table of Contents provided by Ingram. All Rights Reserved.

Renewable Energies in Germany’s Electricity Market

Rent Textbook

New Textbook

Used Textbook

eTextbook

How Marketplace Works:

Summary

Table of Contents

Digital License