This book establishes a perspective for readers on the unique challenges of automation in our society, with a focus on a common element we all depend upon, the power grid. Perspectives are provided on a simulation of this real-life system, providing a backdrop on how a power control system works and how it can fail. In addition, the book addresses how systems fail due to threats from cyber security, human error and complex interdependencies. The book also discusses promising concepts that are being investigated to make these control systems more resilient to threats. Resilience fundamentals and applications are also investigated to ensure adequate operation in complex control systems.

Craig Rieger, PhD, is Chief Control Systems Research Engineer at the Idaho National Laboratory. His research focus is on next generation resilient control systems.

Ronald Boring, PhD, is Researcher and Principal Investigator at Idaho National Laboratory. His primary research foci are on human reliability, human factors, and human-computer interaction forums.

Brian Johnson, PhD, is University Distinguished Professor and Schweitzer Engineering Laboratories Endowed Chair in Power Engineering in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at the University of Idaho.

Tim McJunkin is an Electrical Engineer at the Idaho National Laboratory. His primary research foci are on the development of interest resilient control of critical infrastructure, Smart Grid for renewable energy integration, and acoustic based non-destructive examination.

Author biography

Contributors

Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgments

Part I: Introduction

Ch 1: Basis, Definition and Application

Introduction

Definition and Application

References

Ch 2: General Use Case Introduction

Introduction

Characteristics of Power Systems

Power Systems Operations and Control

Summary

References

Part II: Infrastructure Fundamentals

Ch 3: Power Grid Architecture

Objectives

Introduction

Traditional Power System Architectures

Emerging Architecture Trends

Power Systems Operations and Control

Power Systems Planning

Measures of Performance

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Ch 4: Control System Architecture

Objectives

Introduction

Automatic Generation Control  

AGC with Generation Allocation

Reactive Power and Voltage Control       

Excitation System Stabilizer

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

Ch 5: Communication Architecture

Objectives

Introduction

Communication Media

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

References

Part III: Disciplinary Fundamentals

Ch 6: Introducing Interdisciplinary Studies

Objectives

Introduction

The Pathway to an Interdisciplinary Team

Further Reading

Ch 7: Cybersecurity

Objectives

Introduction

Systems and Control Systems

Fundamental Cybersecurity Objectives: The CIA Triad

Fundamental Cybersecurity Techniques

Threats, Vulnerabilities, and Attacks

Secure System Design Principles

Approaches for Threat and Risk Assessment and Mitigation

Approaches for Incident Detection and Response

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Ch 8: Control Theory

Objectives

Introduction

Deterministic Linear Systems

Pontryagin Principle and HJB Equation

Stochastic Linear Systems

Deterministic Nonlinear Systems

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Ch 9: Human System Interfaces

Objectives

Introduction

Basic Methods

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Part IV: Metrics Fundamentals

Ch 10: Differentiating Resilience

Objectives

Introduction

Conventional Views of Grid Resilience

Grid Characteristics

Grid Resilience and the Relationship to Electric Reliability

Characterization of Resilience

Architectural Principles and Concepts for Resilience

Structural Resilience Quantification and Valuation

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Ch 11: Cross-architecture Metrics

Objectives

Definition of Resilience

Notional Capture of Resilience Adaptive Capacity

Response Epoch: Adaptive Capacity on an Asset Level Development

Adaptive Capacity on an Aggregated Level Development

Cybersecurity Considerations

Consideration of Resist Epoch (Inertia)

Consideration of Recover and Restore Epochs

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

References        

Part V: Resilience Application

Ch 12: Introducing the Grid Game

Objectives

Introduction

Download/Install the Game

Play the Grid Game

Fundamentals

Evaluate the Grid Game and players (yourself and others)

Play Together

Improve the Game

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

References

Ch 13: Cybersecurity Challenges

Objectives

Introduction

Operation Technologies in the Power Grid

Cyber Attacks to the Power Grid

Research Efforts

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Ch 14: Control Challenges

Objectives

Introduction

Resiliency Challenges in Control Systems

Resiliency Design Framework

Resiliency for Decentralized Control Systems

Conclusions and New Challenges

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Ch 15: Human Challenges

Objectives

Introduction

Experiential Learning and the Multidisciplinary Grid Game

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Part VI: Additional Design Considerations

Ch 16: Interdependency Analysis

Objectives

Introduction

Approaches to Infrastructure Dependency Analysis

Bulk Power Systems Interdependency Case Studies

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Ch 17: Multi-agent Control Systems

Objectives

Introduction

Control System Design

Control System Application

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

Acknowledgements

References

Ch 18: Other Examples of Resilience Application

Objectives

Introduction

Resilient Design Capacities

Considerations for Resilient Design

Summary

Thoughtful Questions to Ensure Comprehension

Further Reading

References

Part VII: Conclusions

Ch 19: Summary and Challenge for the Future

Introduction

Resilience is Not a Design Layer, It is a Philosophy

Resilience and the Road to Autonomous Systems

References