String Theory and Fundamental Interactions : Gabriele Veneziano and Theoretical Physics: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

by Gasperini, Maurizio; Maharana, Jnan

ISBN13: 9783540742326

ISBN10: 3540742328

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2008-01-30

Publisher(s): Springer Verlag

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Summary

This volume, dedicated to Prof. Gabriele Veneziano on the occasion of his retirement from CERN, starts as a broad historico-scientific study on the work on string theory and nonperturbative QCD that has been pioneered by Prof. Veneziano in the late 60s and early 70s. It goes on to examine the many ramifications this and similar early work has spawned over the past decades and the reader will find state-of-the art tutorial reviews on string cosmology, string dualities and symmetries, and much more. The book includes a concise updated scientific biography of, and an interview with, Prof. Veneziano, in which he relates his personal views about the present and future of fundamental physics. This is followed by the commented draft of an unpublished paper of 1973 of his, anticipating interesting results which were rediscovered and published more than a decade later. Overall, this volume is a vast and unique canvas where the re-examination of older and the presentation of newer results and insights are skillfully mixed with personal recollections of the contributing authors, most of them involved in the early days of string and quantum field theory, about Prof. Veneziano and the many interrelated topics considered.

Introduction
Gabriele Veneziano: A Concise Scientific Biography and an Interview	p. 3
Biographical Notes	p. 3
List of Collaborators of Gabriele Veneziano (Updated to 2006)	p. 10
An Interview with Gabriele Veneziano	p. 11
References	p. 16
An Unpublished Draft by Gabriele Veneziano (1973): "Non-local Field Theory Suggested by Dual Models"	p. 29
Introduction and Content of the Paper	p. 29
Yukawa's Non-local Field Theory	p. 31
The Zero Slope (Local) Limit of Dual Models	p. 34
The Correspondence Principle	p. 37
Non-Local, Classical Field Theory	p. 40
Smeared Fields	p. 41
References	p. 43
Dual Resonance Models and String Theory
The Birth of the Veneziano Model and String Theory	p. 47
The Weizmann Institute in January 1966 and the Work Leading to the Veneziano Model	p. 47
The Dominant Problems from 1950 to 1970	p. 49
The Breakthrough	p. 54
The Early Phenomenology	p. 55
Conclusion	p. 56
References	p. 57
The Birth of String Theory	p. 59
Introduction	p. 59
Construction of the N-point Amplitude	p. 64
Operator Formalism and Factorization	p. 72
The Case [alpha subscript 0] = 1	p. 78
Physical States and Their Vertex Operators	p. 85
The DDF States and Absence of Ghosts	p. 90
The Zero Slope Limit	p. 94
Loop Diagrams	p. 97
From Dual Models to String Theory	p. 107
Conclusions	p. 114
References	p. 115
The Beginning of String Theory: A Historical Sketch	p. 119
Introduction	p. 119
Prehistory: the Discovery of the Dual Scattering Amplitudes	p. 120
The String World Sheet Through Factorization of the N-point amplitudes	p. 125
The Virasoro Conditions	p. 128
The Critical Dimension	p. 132
Conclusions	p. 134
References	p. 135
The Little Story of an Algebra	p. 137
Introduction	p. 137
The Context	p. 137
References	p. 143
Perturbative QCD
Parton Densities: A Personal Retrospective	p. 147
References	p. 149
Infrared-sensitive Physics in QCD and in Electroweak Theory	p. 151
Infrared-sensitive Observables	p. 151
QCD Form Factors, Multiplicities, Preconfinement	p. 153
Inclusive Electroweak Double Logarithms	p. 155
References	p. 157
From QCD Lagrangian to Monte Carlo Simulation	p. 159
The Status	p. 159
Structure of Monte Carlo generator	p. 160
The Long Way to Monte Carlo	p. 161
Multi-gluon Soft Distributions	p. 168
Monte Carlo Simulation for Soft Emission	p. 174
From Partons to Hadrons	p. 176
Conclusion	p. 177
References	p. 178
Fracture Functions	p. 181
Introduction and Motivations	p. 181
Formalism and Definitions	p. 184
Applications and Phenomenology	p. 201
Jet Cross sections and Fracture Functions	p. 214
Conclusions	p. 217
References	p. 218
Non-perturbative QCD
Coherence and Incoherence in QCD Jets Dynamics (QCD Jets and Branching Processes)	p. 223
Introduction	p. 223
Elementary Models and Unexplained Facts in Multiparticle Dynamics in the Early 1970s	p. 224
KUV Differential Evolution Equations and the Advent of QCD in the Late 1970s	p. 225
The Collaboration with Leon Van Hove, and the UA5 Collaboration Results at CERN pp Collider on Multiplicity Distributions, in Full Phase Space and in Restricted Pseudo-rapidity Windows	p. 228
New Experimental Findings on Final Charged Particle MD in e[superscript +]e[superscript -] Annihilation at LEP c.m. Energy, and More Precise Measurements on Final Particle MD at pp Collider Top c.m. Energy. The Occurrence of Substructures or Components in the Various Collisions	p. 231
New Physics at CERN. The Weighted Superposition of Three Classes of Events (Soft, Semihard, and Hard) in pp Collisions at LHC	p. 233
References	p. 233
The U(1)[subscript A] Anomaly and QCD Phenomenology	p. 235
Introduction	p. 235
The U(1)[subscript A] Anomaly and the Topological Susceptibility	p. 237
'U(1)[subscript A] Without Instantons'	p. 245
Pseudoscalar Mesons	p. 252
Topological Charge Screening and the 'Proton Spin'	p. 265
Polarised Two-photon Physics and a Sum Rule for g[superscript [gamma subscript 1]	p. 279
References	p. 285
Planar Equivalence 2006	p. 289
Planar Equivalence: a Refined Proof	p. 290
The Orientifold Large-N Expansion	p. 293
Applications for One-flavor QCD	p. 294
Applications for Three-flavor QCD	p. 295
Sagnotti's Model and the Gauge/String Correspondence	p. 297
Charge Conjugation and the Validity of Planar Equivalence	p. 297
Other Developments	p. 298
References	p. 299
Supersymmetric Gauge Theories
Instantons and Supersymmetry	p. 303
Introduction	p. 303
Generalities about Instantons	p. 306
Chiral and Supersymmetric Ward-Takahashi Identities	p. 315
Instanton Calculus	p. 321
The Effective Action Approach	p. 334
N = 2 SYM: Introduction	p. 348
N = 2 SYM: Generalities	p. 349
Seiberg-Witten Analysis	p. 352
Checking the SW Formula by Instanton Calculations	p. 358
Topological Twist and Non-commutative Deformation	p. 364
(Constrained) Instantons from Open Strings	p. 374
Instanton Effects in N = 4 SYM	p. 385
N = 4 Supersymmetric Yang-Mills Theory	p. 386
Instanton Calculus in N = 4 SYM	p. 390
One-instanton in N = 4 SYM with SU(N[subscript c]) Gauge Group	p. 394
Generalisation to Multi-instanton Sectors	p. 405
AdS/CFT Correspondence: a Brief Overview	p. 407
Instanton Effects in the AdS/CFT Duality	p. 412
Conclusions	p. 436
References	p. 463
The Magnetic Monopoles Seventy-five Years Later	p. 471
Color Confinement	p. 472
Difficulties with the Semiclassical "Non-Abelian Monopoles"	p. 474
Non-Abelian Monopoles from Vortex Moduli	p. 480
N = 2 Supersymmetric Gauge Theories and Light Non-Abelian Monopoles	p. 482
Vortices	p. 494
The Model	p. 500
Confinement Near Conformal Vacua	p. 507
Quantum Chromodynamics	p. 508
Conclusive Remarks	p. 509
References	p. 519
String Dualities and Symmetries
Novel Symmetries of String Theory	p. 525
Introduction	p. 525
Hamiltonian Formalism and BRS Quantization	p. 527
Canonical Transformations and Invariance Properties of [Sigma]	p. 534
Symmetries of Massive String Excitations	p. 542
Summary and Conclusions	p. 549
References	p. 551
Threshold Effects Beyond the Standard Model	p. 553
Introduction	p. 553
Threshold Effects of Extra Dimensions	p. 553
Superstring Threshold Corrections	p. 556
References	p. 559
Dualities in String Cosmology	p. 561
Introduction	p. 561
Scale Factor Duality	p. 563
O(d, d) Symmetry to the Lowest Order	p. 564
O(d, d) Symmetry to the Next Order	p. 567
Discussion	p. 569
References	p. 570
Spontaneous Breaking of Space-Time Symmetries	p. 573
Introduction	p. 573
Spontaneous Breaking of Space Symmetries	p. 574
Spontaneous Breaking of Time-Translational Invariance and of Supersymmetry	p. 590
Spontaneous Breaking of Conformal Invariance	p. 597
O(N) Vector Models in d = 3: Spontaneous Breaking of Scale Invariance and the Vacuum Energy	p. 599
References	p. 604
String/Quantum Gravity, Black Holes and Entropy
The Information Paradox	p. 609
Introduction	p. 609
String Theories and Black Holes	p. 610
The Role of Decoherence	p. 612
High-energy Collisions in String Theory and Metric Back Reaction	p. 613
Metric Back Reaction and Possible Avoidance of Black Holes	p. 615
Conclusions and Outlook	p. 615
References	p. 616
Cosmological Entropy Bounds	p. 619
To Gabriele	p. 619
Introduction	p. 619
The Causal Entropy Bound	p. 624
The Generalized Second Law and the Causal Entropy Bound	p. 645
Area Entropy, Entanglement Entropy and Entropy Bounds	p. 655
References	p. 658
Extremal Black Holes in Supergravity	p. 661
Introduction: Extremal Black Holes from Classical General Relativity to String Theory	p. 661
Extremal Black Holes as Massive Representations of Supersymmetry	p. 668
The General Form of the Supergravity Action in Four Dimensions and its BPS Configurations	p. 674
Supersymmetric Black Holes: General Discussion	p. 694
BPS and Non-BPS Attractor Mechanism: The Geodesic Potential	p. 701
Detailed Analysis of Attractors in Extended Supergravities: BPS and Non-BPS Critical Points	p. 713
Conclusions	p. 723
References	p. 724
Expectation Values and Vacuum Currents of Quantum Fields	p. 729
Introduction	p. 729
Lecture 1	p. 730
Lecture 2	p. 741
Lecture 3	p. 752
Lecture 4	p. 768
References	p. 783
String Cosmology
Dilaton Cosmology and Phenomenology	p. 787
Dilaton-dominated Inflation: the Pre-big Bang Scenario	p. 789
The Relic Dilaton Background	p. 812
Late-time Cosmology: Dilaton Dark Energy	p. 826
References	p. 842
Relic Gravitons and String Pre-big-bang Cosmology	p. 845
Introduction	p. 845
Graviton Production in Cosmology	p. 847
Gravitational-wave Background in Pre-big-bang Inflation	p. 853
Accessibility of LIGO to Pre-big-bang Models	p. 857
Conclusions	p. 859
References	p. 860
Magnetic Fields, Strings and Cosmology	p. 863
Half a Century of Large-Scale Magnetic Fields	p. 863
Magnetogenesis	p. 869
Why String Cosmology?	p. 892
Primordial or Not Primordial, This Is the Question	p. 902
Concluding Remarks	p. 934
References	p. 935
Cosmological Singularities and a Conjectured Gravity/Coset Correspondence	p. 941
Introduction	p. 941
Cosmological Billiards	p. 942
Gravity/Coset Correspondence	p. 944
A New View of the (quantum) Fate of Space at a Cosmological Singularity	p. 946
References	p. 948
Brane Inflation: String Theory Viewed from the Cosmos	p. 949
Introduction	p. 949
Brane Inflation	p. 956
Graceful Exit	p. 961
Production and Properties of Cosmic Superstrings	p. 964
Evolution and Detection of Cosmic Superstrings	p. 966
Remarks	p. 970
References	p. 972
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String Theory and Fundamental Interactions : Gabriele Veneziano and Theoretical Physics: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives

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