Sulfur Concrete for the Construction Industry A Sustainable Development Approach

by Mohamed, Abdel-Mohsen; El Gamal, Maisa

ISBN13: 9781604270051

ISBN10: 1604270055

Format: Hardcover

Pub. Date: 2010-07-01

Publisher(s): J. Ross Publishing

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Summary

Sulfur construction materials can offer improvements over more traditional materials, especially in specific applications. These materials include sulfur concrete and sulfur-extended asphalt pavements as well as pre-cast concrete components, extrusions, and cast-in-place forms. This one-of-a-kind book discusses the basic properties and behavior of sulfur cement & concrete materials, evaluates new sulfur market applications, and examines the technological aspects of material production. Although not widely used at present, these practices are rapidly gaining popularity in the construction industry, especially as environmental considerations become ever more important.

Author Biography

Professor A. M. O. Mohamed earned his M. Eng. and Ph.D. from McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Prof. Mohamed was the Associate Director of the Geotechnical Research Centre (GRC) and an Adjunct Professor in the Department of Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics at McGill University. In 1998, he joined the United Arab Emirates (UAE) University, where he is currently the Director of Research, Research Affairs Sector, and Professor of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. Professor Mohamed has published more than 200 papers in refereed journals and conference proceedings.Key Features ò Reviews acceptable methods of disposing of unneeded sulfur without compromising environmental protection ò Reveals the advantages of using modified sulfur concrete materials for sub-ground and sub-marine structures, and immobilization of hazardous wastes ò Describes the unique features of sulfur construction materials such as corrosion resistance, low moisture penetration, high thermal and mechanical performance, and long-term stability in various environments ò Discusses sulfur concrete process design for use in waste management practices (barrier systems for waste containment; stabilization/solidification of waste; etc.)

Preface	p. xiii
About the Authors	p. xix
Sustainable Development for the Construction Industry
Introduction	p. 1
Sustainable Development	p. 2
Social Sustainability	p. 4
Environmental Sustainability	p. 5
Economic Sustainability	p. 6
Land Sustainability	p. 7
Role of Technology	p. 9
Characteristics of a Sustainable Technology	p. 9
A Framework for a Sustainable Industry	p. 10
Current System	p. 10
Modified System	p. 12
Sustainability and the Building Construction Industry	p. 13
Strategies for Implementing Sustainable Design and Construction	p. 15
Minimizing Consumption	p. 15
Satisfying Human Needs and Aspirations	p. 17
Avoiding Negative Environmental Impacts	p. 19
Sustainability and Project Procurement Life Cycle	p. 21
Sustainable Business Justification	p. 21
Sustainable Procurement Process	p. 24
Sustainable Design	p. 27
Sustainable Construction Process	p. 29
Sustainable Management and Operation of the Facility	p. 31
Sustainable Disposal and Re-Use of the Site	p. 32
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 33
Sulfur Production and Uses
Introduction	p. 35
Global Sulfur Cycle	p. 36
The Natural Sulfur Cycle	p. 37
The Anthropogenic Sulfur Cycle	p. 38
Sulfur Supply	p. 39
Sulfur Production and Processes	p. 39
Sulfur Trade	p. 44
Sulfur Demand	p. 48
Sulfur Uses	p. 48
Sulfuric Acid	p. 49
Agricultural Chemicals	p. 51
Chemical and Industrial	p. 52
Construction Industry	p. 54
Ore Processing	p. 57
Petroleum Alkylation	p. 57
Pulp and Paper	p. 58
Waste Management	p. 59
Pharmaceutical Industry	p. 60
Environmental Issues	p. 62
Production and Processing	p. 62
Health Effects of Sulfur	p. 63
Effects of Sulfur on the Environment	p. 64
Sulfur Waste Management	p. 64
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 67
Sulfur Properties
Introduction	p. 71
Occurrence	p. 72
Processes	p. 74
Elemental Sulfur Forms	p. 75
Liquid Sulfur Allotropes	p. 76
Solid Sulfur Allotropes	p. 76
Properties of Elemental Sulfur	p. 77
Melting and Freezing Points	p. 77
Viscosity	p. 79
Density	p. 79
Color	p. 79
Strength Characteristics	p. 81
Thermal Characteristics	p. 82
Allotropic Transformation	p. 82
Polymerization	p. 86
Chemical Properties	p. 88
Electronic Structure	p. 89
Oxidation States	p. 90
Chemical Reactions of Elemental Sulfur	p. 93
Chemical Reactions of Sulfur with Olefins	p. 95
Chemical Reactions of Sulfur Compounds	p. 95
Biological Reactions of Sulfur Compounds	p. 96
Thermal Properties	p. 99
Electrical Properties	p. 102
Isotopes	p. 102
Potential Ecological Effects of Elemental Sulfur	p. 103
Products	p. 104
Product Groups	p. 104
Practical Applications	p. 104
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 107
Elemental Sulfur Concrete
Introduction	p. 109
History of Sulfur Concrete Development	p. 110
Terminology	p. 111
Compressive Strength	p. 111
Strength Development for Portland Cement Concrete	p. 112
Strength Reduction for Portland Cement Concrete	p. 114
Strength Development for Elemental Sulfur Concrete	p. 118
Material Composition	p. 121
Elemental Sulfur	p. 121
Aggregates	p. 122
ACI Guide for Material Selection	p. 130
Durability	p. 135
Effect of Sulfur Loading, Aggregate Type, and Different Admixtures	p. 135
Effect of Water and Temperature	p. 137
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 140
Sulfur Cement
Introduction	p. 143
Development Background	p. 143
Terminology	p. 145
Modified Sulfur	p. 146
Mechanism	p. 146
Types	p. 148
Modification Conditions	p. 151
Industrial Modified Sulfur Cement	p. 153
Sulfur Modified with Dicyclopentadiene	p. 153
Sulfur Modified with DCPD and an Oligomer of Cyclopentadiene	p. 159
Sulfur Modified with Styrene	p. 164
Sulfur Modified with a Combination of DCPD and Styrene	p. 167
Sulfur Modified with Olefinic Hydrocarbon Polymers	p. 168
Sulfur Modified with Bitumen	p. 169
Sulfur Modified with 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene	p. 184
Sulfur Cement	p. 186
Factors Controlling Formation of Sulfur Cement	p. 187
Standard Testing of Sulfur Cement	p. 189
Advantages and Disadvantages of Sulfur Cement	p. 190
Advantages	p. 190
Disadvantages	p. 190
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 191
Sulfur Concrete
Introduction	p. 193
Terminology	p. 194
Development of Sulfur Concrete	p. 194
Composition	p. 197
Sulfur	p. 198
Chemical Additives	p. 199
Mineral Fillers	p. 199
Aggregates	p. 200
Sulfur Concrete Requirements	p. 201
Binder Requirements	p. 201
Mix Design Requirements	p. 202
Manufacturing Equipment and Methods	p. 202
Recommended Testing	p. 204
Advantages of Using Sulfur Concrete	p. 205
Dicyclopentadiene-Modified Sulfur Concrete	p. 207
DCPD Loadings and Aggregate Type	p. 208
Storage Time	p. 209
Thermal Stability	p. 211
Dicyclopentadiene-Cyclopentadiene Oligomer-Modified Sulfur Concrete	p. 212
Effect of Mix Composition on Strength	p. 213
Effect of Freeze-Thaw on Strength	p. 213
Olefinic Hydrocarbon Polymer-Modified Sulfur Concrete	p. 214
5-ethylidene-2-norbornene-Modified Sulfur Concrete	p. 216
Weight Loss in Alkaline Environment	p. 218
Compressive Strength in Alkaline Environment	p. 218
Ignition and Biological Oxidation	p. 219
Bitumen-Modified Sulfur Concrete	p. 220
Production of Bitumen-Modified Sulfur Concrete	p. 220
Thermal Stability	p. 221
Effect of Sulfur Ratio and Loading	p. 223
Microstructure Characterization	p. 226
Strength Development	p. 227
Reaction Products	p. 234
Durability	p. 237
Hydraulic Conductivity	p. 241
Long-Term Hydromechanical Behavior	p. 243
Leachability	p. 244
Potential Ecological Effects of Sulfur Concrete	p. 251
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 254
Technological Aspects of Sulfur Concrete Production
Introduction	p. 257
Sulfur Concrete Production	p. 258
The 1970s	p. 258
The 1980s	p. 260
The 1990s	p. 263
The 2000s	p. 264
Mix Design	p. 265
Mixing Process	p. 267
Equipment	p. 271
Development	p. 271
Commercial Scale Application	p. 273
Manufacturing	p. 274
Pre-cast Mixing and Production	p. 274
In situ Construction Mixing and Placing Techniques	p. 281
Placing and Finishing	p. 284
Cold Weather Placements	p. 284
Wind and Moisture	p. 285
Repairing Damages	p. 286
Joints and Joint Sealing	p. 286
Forming and Reinforcement	p. 287
Energy Requirement	p. 287
Heating Process	p. 287
Recovery Process	p. 289
Cooling Process	p. 291
Durability Issues	p. 292
Types of Fillers and Aggregates	p. 292
Water Absorption	p. 300
Frost Resistance	p. 305
Service Temperature	p. 306
Fire Load	p. 307
Crazing Resistance	p. 308
Creep	p. 309
Fatigue Strength	p. 310
Reinforcement	p. 311
Abrasion Resistance	p. 313
Chemical Resistance	p. 314
Corrosion Potential	p. 314
Service Life	p. 323
ISO Approach	p. 324
Estimation of Sulfur Concrete Service Life	p. 325
Sulfur Concrete Assessment Protocol	p. 326
Summary and Concluding Remarks	p. 328
Sulfur-Modified Asphalt
Introduction	p. 331
Asphalt	p. 332
Asphalt Composition	p. 332
Asphalt Fractionation	p. 334
Asphalt Component Interaction	p. 335
Asphalt Aging	p. 338
Lime-Modified Asphalt	p. 339
Sulfur-Modified Asphalt	p. 340
Beneficial Use of Sulfur-Modified Asphalt	p. 341
Sulfur Asphalt History	p. 341
Sulfur Behavior in Liquid State	p. 342
Sulfur Asphalt Interaction	p. 343
Sulfur Asphalt Mix Concepts	p. 348
Rheology of Sulfur Asphalt Binder	p. 351
Sulfur Asphalt Processing Technology	p. 356
Manufacturing Evaluation	p. 356
Preparation Apparatus for Sulfur Asphalt Binders	p. 356
Premixing	p. 356
Sulfur Asphalt Module	p. 357
Mix Production	p. 357
Construction Procedure	p. 357
Safety and the Environment	p. 358
Emissions	p. 358
Improved Performance	p. 359
Low Temperature Stiffness	p. 359
Tensile Strength	p. 359
Resilient Modulus of Elasticity	p. 359
Fatigue Life	p. 360
Resistance to Stripping	p. 360
Sulfur-to-Asphalt Ratios and Properties	p. 360
Sulfur-to-Asphalt Ratio	p. 360
Sulfur-Modified Asphalt Characteristics	p. 362
Hydrogen Sulfide Emission Control	p. 363
Sulfur Asphalt Development	p. 363
Sand-Asphalt-Sulfur	p. 364
Sulfur-Extended Asphalt	p. 364
Sulfur-Extended Asphalt and Traditional Asphalt Materials	p. 368
Plasticized Sulfur	p. 370
Plasticization Concept	p. 370
Chemicals Used for Plasticization of Sulfur	p. 372
Plasticizing Agent Requirement	p. 373
Plasticization Perceptions	p. 374
Plasticized Mixing Conditions	p. 374
Case Studies for Plasticization of Sulfur	p. 375
Potential Ecological Effects	p. 376
Summary And Concluding Remarks	p. 379
References	p. 381
Index	p. 411
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